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篇1

英語(yǔ)專業(yè)本科畢業(yè)論文寫(xiě)作有著重要的意義,《高等學(xué)校英語(yǔ)專業(yè)英語(yǔ)教學(xué)大綱》認(rèn)為它是考查學(xué)生語(yǔ)言能力、獨(dú)立能力和創(chuàng)新能力的重要參考,“評(píng)估學(xué)業(yè)成績(jī)的一個(gè)重要方式”。[1]近年來(lái),雖然有了更多關(guān)于英語(yǔ)專業(yè)畢業(yè)論文寫(xiě)作的研究,內(nèi)容既涉及微觀的選題、摘要、主題句、語(yǔ)言和格式問(wèn)題,又涉及宏觀的現(xiàn)狀分析、論文指導(dǎo)體系和評(píng)估機(jī)制問(wèn)題。[2][3][4][5][6]然而,卻鮮有學(xué)者論及網(wǎng)絡(luò)資源的利用。這不僅與我國(guó)高校豐富的中英文電子圖書(shū)資源和全球幾千億之巨的中英文網(wǎng)頁(yè)資源明顯不協(xié)調(diào),[7][8]而且與很多本科學(xué)生的實(shí)際上網(wǎng)情況和畢業(yè)論文對(duì)網(wǎng)絡(luò)資源的嚴(yán)重濫用很不協(xié)調(diào)。因此,如何在畢業(yè)論文寫(xiě)作過(guò)程中預(yù)防網(wǎng)絡(luò)抄襲、合理有效地利用日益發(fā)達(dá)的網(wǎng)絡(luò)環(huán)境和日益豐富的網(wǎng)絡(luò)資源,是適應(yīng)信息時(shí)展、進(jìn)一步提高英語(yǔ)專業(yè)本科畢業(yè)論文質(zhì)量的急迫需要解決的問(wèn)題。本文擬探討如何利用豐富的中英文網(wǎng)絡(luò)資源,發(fā)揮個(gè)人網(wǎng)絡(luò)信息能力,實(shí)現(xiàn)畢業(yè)論文寫(xiě)作的網(wǎng)絡(luò)策略,在方便教師論文指導(dǎo)和管理的同時(shí),也方便學(xué)生更靈活地運(yùn)用自己的時(shí)間和空間,減少論文寫(xiě)作的工作量,降低論文寫(xiě)作的難度,進(jìn)而有效地提高畢業(yè)論文寫(xiě)作的效率和質(zhì)量。

一、絡(luò)寫(xiě)作策略的基本原則

結(jié)合學(xué)生的經(jīng)濟(jì)、社會(huì)和文化背景,網(wǎng)絡(luò)寫(xiě)作策略應(yīng)該遵循以下原則:(1)資金節(jié)約原則。盡量免除不必要的經(jīng)濟(jì)壓力,充分利用現(xiàn)有的個(gè)人電腦、聯(lián)網(wǎng)手機(jī)或者公共電腦的軟硬件設(shè)施,同時(shí)發(fā)揮個(gè)人的網(wǎng)絡(luò)和現(xiàn)實(shí)人際關(guān)系,有效獲取所需資源。(2)時(shí)間和空間靈活利用原則。網(wǎng)絡(luò)寫(xiě)作的主要目的之一就是實(shí)現(xiàn)隨時(shí)隨地上網(wǎng)就可以寫(xiě)作的構(gòu)想。(3)語(yǔ)言文化的敏感原則。首先,由于大多數(shù)電腦或者手機(jī)設(shè)備的系統(tǒng)都使用中文軟件,因此為了在搜索英文信息時(shí)不受中文信息的干擾,需要把網(wǎng)頁(yè)瀏覽器的語(yǔ)言環(huán)境進(jìn)行調(diào)整,并且把國(guó)外搜索引擎的偏好和指令語(yǔ)言都改為英語(yǔ)。其次,英語(yǔ)論文與中文論文有較大的區(qū)別,在寫(xiě)作過(guò)程中要盡量避免漢語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言文化的負(fù)遷移。(4)遵守國(guó)家的互聯(lián)網(wǎng)相關(guān)法律法規(guī)。

同時(shí),雖然畢業(yè)論文的長(zhǎng)度、語(yǔ)言、結(jié)構(gòu)、格式和內(nèi)容都是對(duì)本科學(xué)生嚴(yán)肅的挑戰(zhàn),但英美國(guó)家長(zhǎng)期的學(xué)術(shù)傳統(tǒng)和相應(yīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)資源的豐富已經(jīng)能夠在較大程度上解決很多問(wèn)題。所以在寫(xiě)作過(guò)程中學(xué)生要對(duì)自己的信息需求保持敏感,遵守信息素質(zhì)原則,在實(shí)際行動(dòng)中貫徹信息獲取、評(píng)價(jià)、整理和合理利用的基本步驟,挖掘并發(fā)揮網(wǎng)絡(luò)資源優(yōu)勢(shì),自主解決論文寫(xiě)作中的諸多問(wèn)題。

二、畢業(yè)論文的網(wǎng)絡(luò)寫(xiě)作策略

根據(jù)網(wǎng)絡(luò)、網(wǎng)絡(luò)資源和畢業(yè)論文寫(xiě)作過(guò)程的特征,網(wǎng)絡(luò)寫(xiě)作策略的成分包括:硬件環(huán)境、軟件環(huán)境、網(wǎng)絡(luò)和畢業(yè)論文的相關(guān)知識(shí)、信息處理、寫(xiě)作模板和樣本、語(yǔ)言工具、通訊工具、論文修改工具和反抄襲檢查。

網(wǎng)絡(luò)寫(xiě)作的硬件環(huán)境由能夠進(jìn)行上網(wǎng)服務(wù)的手機(jī)和電腦構(gòu)成。公共網(wǎng)吧和學(xué)校的計(jì)算機(jī)實(shí)驗(yàn)中心不存在這方面的問(wèn)題。但是,如果辦理個(gè)人手機(jī)或者電腦上網(wǎng)業(yè)務(wù),就要認(rèn)真閱讀產(chǎn)品說(shuō)明書(shū),確認(rèn)自己的手機(jī)或者電腦具備所需要的無(wú)線或者有線硬件配置;而且,無(wú)線服務(wù)的覆蓋范圍要能夠滿足自己的個(gè)人需要?？偟膩?lái)說(shuō),近幾年的手提電腦和2009年上市的手機(jī)終端通常都支持高速無(wú)線上網(wǎng)服務(wù)。

網(wǎng)絡(luò)寫(xiě)作的軟件環(huán)境包括瀏覽器軟件、文檔閱讀和編輯軟件、文檔轉(zhuǎn)換軟件,以及文檔存儲(chǔ)服務(wù)幾個(gè)方面。很多電腦上網(wǎng)瀏覽軟件(如Internet Explorer,Google Chrome)都有相應(yīng)的手機(jī)版瀏覽軟件,但更常用的手機(jī)瀏覽器卻是Opera,UCWEB和GO。在通過(guò)設(shè)置正確的上網(wǎng)方式后,手機(jī)和電腦就能利用瀏覽器使用大多數(shù)共同資源了。網(wǎng)絡(luò)上有較多優(yōu)秀的在線free word processors,不需要在電腦或者手機(jī)上安裝。使用方便而功能又幾乎能與Microsoft Word媲美的當(dāng)屬Google Documents。用戶通過(guò)聯(lián)網(wǎng)手機(jī)或者電腦在獲得免費(fèi)Gmail賬戶后即可進(jìn)入自己的文檔空間,創(chuàng)建文件并進(jìn)行編輯和儲(chǔ)存,安全性能較高。其它所涉及的軟件主要依據(jù)資料的文檔類型而定,但通常是.doc,.ppt,.xls文件,這些都能上傳到Google Docs打開(kāi)或編輯;對(duì)于.caj,.kdh,.pdf,.省略、搜搜問(wèn)問(wèn))、電子商務(wù)(如淘寶網(wǎng)店)、電子圖書(shū)館、個(gè)人社會(huì)關(guān)系獲取或者傳遞所需的電子資源。把握所需信息必須了解的程度,適可而止,同時(shí)也要明確不同信息的所需類型(網(wǎng)絡(luò)工具書(shū)、普通網(wǎng)絡(luò)文本、網(wǎng)絡(luò)圖書(shū)、電子學(xué)術(shù)期刊、圖片資料、視頻資料、音頻資料、軟件、數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)等),以便于利用搜索引擎的不同功能或者專門搜索引擎進(jìn)行比較準(zhǔn)確的查找,或者便于確定在廣域網(wǎng)還是學(xué)校電子圖書(shū)館查找。信息的評(píng)價(jià)是指通過(guò)閱讀所獲信息、比較同類資源、查詢作者背景、查看網(wǎng)站域名和信息組織方式等,篩選獲得的信息。通常,如果信息者沒(méi)有學(xué)術(shù)或者高校工作背景,可以查看網(wǎng)站是否屬于.edu,.gov.省略網(wǎng)域來(lái)作出初步評(píng)估。信息的整理是指通過(guò)summarizing,synthesizing,paraphrasing,quoting,highlighting和commenting等方式進(jìn)行處理,利用眾多的免費(fèi)在線軟件服務(wù),對(duì)過(guò)濾后的信息作用進(jìn)行評(píng)價(jià)和標(biāo)識(shí),并通過(guò)超鏈接等方式把它們整合到自己的寫(xiě)作計(jì)劃中。信息的使用是指合理合法地使用資源,尊重信息者的使用協(xié)議,遵循APA,MLA或者CMS等文獻(xiàn)使用的學(xué)術(shù)道德規(guī)范。

絡(luò)寫(xiě)作過(guò)程中還有一些標(biāo)準(zhǔn)模板和自動(dòng)程序可以使用;常用的有論文寫(xiě)作模板和文獻(xiàn)引用的自動(dòng)生成程序。很多美國(guó)大學(xué)和研究機(jī)構(gòu)都有MLA,APA或者CMS格式的論文寫(xiě)作模板(template)可以下載,寫(xiě)作者只需要在相應(yīng)版塊寫(xiě)入相應(yīng)內(nèi)容即可。但選用的時(shí)候要注意模板所對(duì)應(yīng)的論文格式印刷版本,以避免信息陳舊問(wèn)題。而論文文獻(xiàn)格式的自動(dòng)生成程序(bibliography generator)則可以幫助解決復(fù)雜的引用規(guī)范問(wèn)題。使得文內(nèi)引用(in-text citation)、腳注和尾注(footnote and endnote),以及文后的書(shū)目制作輕而易舉就能完成。在眾多的相關(guān)程序中,綜合性和信度都比較高的是Son of Citation Machine;它包括了主要文獻(xiàn)格式和主要文獻(xiàn)類型的引用格式,也及時(shí)更新了文獻(xiàn)格式的版本,是網(wǎng)絡(luò)寫(xiě)作的可靠資源之一。

論文寫(xiě)作過(guò)程中的信息溝通主要是和指導(dǎo)老師的充分交流,和同學(xué)的必要交流,以及和虛擬社區(qū)相關(guān)人士的有限交流。與指導(dǎo)老師交流的目的是為了提高論文整體質(zhì)量和按時(shí)完成畢業(yè)論文,可以通過(guò)手機(jī)或者電腦的電子郵件或者實(shí)時(shí)通訊軟件(communication software)實(shí)現(xiàn);和同學(xué)交流主要是為了獲取或者交流信息,也可以通過(guò)手機(jī)或者電腦的電子郵件或者實(shí)時(shí)通訊軟件實(shí)現(xiàn);和虛擬社區(qū)相關(guān)人士的交流主要是為了在保證信息安全的情況下獲取所需信息,主要通過(guò)社區(qū)群組(groups,communities,forums)和電子郵件來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)。

利用網(wǎng)絡(luò)寫(xiě)作本科畢業(yè)論文可以比較有效地防止網(wǎng)絡(luò)抄襲行為,包括表層網(wǎng)絡(luò)抄襲、深層網(wǎng)絡(luò)抄襲和網(wǎng)絡(luò)兜售的論文。表層網(wǎng)絡(luò)抄襲是指抄襲不需要提交用戶信息就可以檢索到的網(wǎng)頁(yè)資源,付費(fèi)的數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)和網(wǎng)絡(luò)資源不在此列。除了把學(xué)生論文的可疑部分或者關(guān)鍵部分的關(guān)鍵詞放到通用搜索引擎中搜索以外,還可以使用在線的文獻(xiàn)抄襲檢測(cè)系統(tǒng)(plagiarism checker/detector/scanner)發(fā)現(xiàn)這種行為,譬如EVE2和Viper Anti-plagiarism Scanner。深層網(wǎng)絡(luò)抄襲主要是指抄襲數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)資源。檢測(cè)這種行為可以分為兩種策略:一是關(guān)鍵詞搜索:先把論文的可疑部分或者關(guān)鍵部分通過(guò)國(guó)內(nèi)外數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)專用搜索引擎進(jìn)行檢索;在檢測(cè)到抄襲行為的情況下,如果可能,還可以把相應(yīng)的論文下載到本地計(jì)算機(jī),通過(guò)文件對(duì)比軟件(file comparison software)確定抄襲的比率(如弗吉尼亞大學(xué)的免費(fèi)軟件WCopyfind);二是購(gòu)買以數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)為主的反抄襲服務(wù),如CheckForPlagiarism和CNKI英文檢測(cè)系統(tǒng)。由于學(xué)生提交的稿件都是電子文檔,指導(dǎo)老師可以較早地把學(xué)生的論文上傳到在線檢測(cè)系統(tǒng),及時(shí)阻止網(wǎng)絡(luò)抄襲行為。隨著高等教育的發(fā)展,國(guó)內(nèi)的論文作坊也不計(jì)其數(shù),英語(yǔ)專業(yè)本科論文價(jià)格也依據(jù)性質(zhì)的不同而價(jià)格各異。通常,他們數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)中的論文價(jià)格在300元人民幣左右,而“原創(chuàng)性”的論文則需要1000元以上。在一般情況下,通過(guò)在本地計(jì)算機(jī)或者手機(jī)上查看文檔屬性或者高級(jí)屬性就可以發(fā)現(xiàn)問(wèn)題。如果結(jié)合論文寫(xiě)作過(guò)程管理(包括對(duì)選題、提綱、原始資料及論文稿件版本的審查),論文作弊的成本就會(huì)大大增加。通過(guò)查看電子文檔屬性、對(duì)比不同的電子文檔版本、跟蹤學(xué)生的論文修改情況,只是簡(jiǎn)單地點(diǎn)幾個(gè)鍵,買方和賣方就會(huì)面臨很大的信用風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。這些措施可以在相當(dāng)程度上規(guī)避不誠(chéng)實(shí)行為。

三、結(jié)語(yǔ)

手機(jī)或者電腦網(wǎng)絡(luò)積聚了豐富的信息資源、提供了發(fā)達(dá)的通訊功能;英語(yǔ)專業(yè)本科畢業(yè)論文的網(wǎng)絡(luò)寫(xiě)作已經(jīng)具備了比較成熟的條件。論文過(guò)程所涉及的選題、提綱撰寫(xiě)、資料收集、稿件寫(xiě)作、問(wèn)題咨詢、指導(dǎo)和管理等環(huán)節(jié)都可以通過(guò)網(wǎng)絡(luò)軟硬件資源來(lái)完成。相對(duì)于傳統(tǒng)的論文寫(xiě)作方法,網(wǎng)絡(luò)寫(xiě)作策略具有諸多的獨(dú)特作用。它首先賦予了論文寫(xiě)作更靈活的時(shí)間和地點(diǎn),比較適合當(dāng)前教學(xué)和科研任務(wù)繁重的英語(yǔ)教師及四處奔波的大四學(xué)生。其次,網(wǎng)絡(luò)寫(xiě)作策略延伸了論文指導(dǎo)老師的內(nèi)涵,網(wǎng)絡(luò)上千千萬(wàn)萬(wàn)的信息提供者都或多或少充當(dāng)了這個(gè)角色,大大減輕了師生雙方的壓力。再次,老師可以從以往語(yǔ)言或者格式等繁瑣問(wèn)題中抽身出來(lái),更多地從寫(xiě)作過(guò)程的簡(jiǎn)便性、結(jié)構(gòu)的合理性、內(nèi)容的思想性等方面給學(xué)生提供建議,幫助學(xué)生自主解決畢業(yè)論文寫(xiě)作中的諸多問(wèn)題。最后,網(wǎng)絡(luò)寫(xiě)作策略還能夠有效利用網(wǎng)絡(luò)資源阻止泛濫的學(xué)術(shù)不端行為,培養(yǎng)學(xué)術(shù)誠(chéng)信。

但在網(wǎng)絡(luò)寫(xiě)作策略實(shí)施過(guò)程中,我們可能遇到的兩個(gè)常見(jiàn)問(wèn)題是:(1)由于資金等因素影響,有的優(yōu)秀網(wǎng)絡(luò)資源可能不穩(wěn)定,間歇或者長(zhǎng)期不可獲取;(2)由于信息太多或者太少而茫然不知所措。對(duì)于前者,需要保持比較靈活的資源使用態(tài)度,善于尋找替代資源。而資源太多時(shí)則要增加限制條件,利用高級(jí)搜索功能縮小范圍;在資源缺乏時(shí)則要減少限制條件或者更改搜索關(guān)鍵詞,尋找另外的解決辦法?？傊?日益豐富的信息存在于不可見(jiàn)的網(wǎng)絡(luò)上,只要能合理有效地利用網(wǎng)絡(luò)資源,就可以把畢業(yè)論文的網(wǎng)絡(luò)寫(xiě)作策略發(fā)揮好,從而有效提高畢業(yè)論文寫(xiě)作的效率和質(zhì)量。

參考文獻(xiàn):

[1]高等學(xué)校外語(yǔ)專業(yè)教學(xué)指導(dǎo)委員會(huì)英語(yǔ)組.高等學(xué)校英語(yǔ)專業(yè)英語(yǔ)教學(xué)大綱[S].上海:上海外語(yǔ)教育出版社,2000.

[2]穆鳳英.英語(yǔ)專業(yè)本科生畢業(yè)論文的調(diào)查與思考[J].徐州師范大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào),2001.27(4):138-142.

[3]孫文抗.英語(yǔ)專業(yè)學(xué)士論文寫(xiě)作現(xiàn)狀分析[J].外語(yǔ)界,2004,101(3):59-64.

[4]顏靜蘭,倪薇.英語(yǔ)專業(yè)畢業(yè)論文規(guī)范操作思考[J].外國(guó)語(yǔ)言文學(xué),2005,86(4):259-263.

[5]王崇義.加強(qiáng)畢業(yè)論文指導(dǎo),提升學(xué)生素質(zhì)[J].外語(yǔ)教學(xué),2004,25(6):73-76.

[6]陳,薛榮.英語(yǔ)專業(yè)本科畢業(yè)論文質(zhì)量監(jiān)控體系構(gòu)建與實(shí)踐[J].重慶科技學(xué)院學(xué)報(bào),2008.05:204-205.

篇2

[中圖分類號(hào)]G642 [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼]A [文章編號(hào)]1671-5918（2016）05-0149-02

一、關(guān)于職業(yè)道德修養(yǎng)

職業(yè)道德指的是從事某種職業(yè)的人在履行職業(yè)責(zé)任過(guò)程中必須遵循的操守、準(zhǔn)則。職業(yè)道德是從業(yè)者的一種內(nèi)在心理意識(shí)和信念，是在長(zhǎng)期從業(yè)的過(guò)程中形成的自我約束機(jī)制，在行業(yè)內(nèi)起著良好的導(dǎo)向作用。職業(yè)道德修養(yǎng)是從業(yè)者根據(jù)自身的職業(yè)特點(diǎn)接受鍛煉、教育以及陶冶的提高和完善過(guò)程，有他律的一面，但更多的是自律。

一名教師的職業(yè)道德修養(yǎng)程度不但關(guān)系該教師的教學(xué)和科研水平，而且還會(huì)在一定程度上直接或間接地影響著學(xué)生的思想和行為。同志在北京師范大學(xué)建校一百周年時(shí)指出，教師應(yīng)當(dāng)“志存高遠(yuǎn)，愛(ài)國(guó)敬業(yè)；為人師表，教書(shū)育人；嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)篤學(xué)，與時(shí)俱進(jìn)”。同志曾號(hào)召，要做“有理想信念、有道德情操、有扎實(shí)學(xué)識(shí)、有仁愛(ài)之心”的教師。

英語(yǔ)本科畢業(yè)論文評(píng)估主體的職業(yè)道德修養(yǎng)更多的體現(xiàn)為他們的自律行為。而自律就是他們?cè)诮Y(jié)合英語(yǔ)本科畢業(yè)論文評(píng)估工作特點(diǎn)而進(jìn)行自我鍛煉、自我教育和自我陶冶行為和意識(shí)。評(píng)價(jià)和衡量英語(yǔ)本科畢業(yè)論文評(píng)估主體的職業(yè)道德修養(yǎng)，不能只是憑借幾個(gè)量化的指標(biāo)，而是要依靠一些可以觸及良心、道德甚至是靈魂深處的正確理念和積極導(dǎo)向。一名具備高尚職業(yè)道德的英語(yǔ)本科畢業(yè)論文評(píng)估人員，其評(píng)估畢業(yè)論文的行為一定是積極樂(lè)觀、一絲不茍的，評(píng)估結(jié)果也一定是真實(shí)可靠、公平公正、心安理得和問(wèn)心無(wú)愧的。

二、關(guān)于英語(yǔ)本科畢業(yè)論文的評(píng)估主體

評(píng)估英語(yǔ)本科畢業(yè)論文通常需要六個(gè)步驟，分別是確立評(píng)估標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、選聘評(píng)估主體、將論文交給評(píng)估主體、評(píng)估主體進(jìn)行評(píng)估、評(píng)估結(jié)果反饋、對(duì)答辯的評(píng)估。在這六個(gè)步驟中，除了確立評(píng)估標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和選聘評(píng)估人員這兩個(gè)步驟之外，其余步驟均與評(píng)估主體密切相關(guān)，評(píng)估主體的重要作用不言而喻。

評(píng)估畢業(yè)論文首先要解決的三個(gè)問(wèn)題是“誰(shuí)來(lái)評(píng)”、“評(píng)什么”和“怎么評(píng)”。確定評(píng)估主體實(shí)際上就是解決了“誰(shuí)來(lái)評(píng)”的問(wèn)題。

對(duì)于一個(gè)好的評(píng)估主體來(lái)說(shuō)，各成員之間的年齡、學(xué)歷、專業(yè)、性別等結(jié)構(gòu)應(yīng)該是合理的。黃猛和雷銀生等人認(rèn)為，一個(gè)好的畢業(yè)論文評(píng)估主體應(yīng)該由開(kāi)題小組、指導(dǎo)教師、評(píng)閱老師以及答辯小組構(gòu)成。

開(kāi)題小組負(fù)責(zé)評(píng)估選題的價(jià)值、研究方法、論證的邏輯，并給出修改和完善的建議。指導(dǎo)教師負(fù)責(zé)評(píng)估論文的技術(shù)和非技術(shù)含量。評(píng)閱教師負(fù)責(zé)閱讀和評(píng)價(jià)論文定稿。答辯小組負(fù)責(zé)評(píng)估口頭答辯。

三、英語(yǔ)本科畢業(yè)論文評(píng)估主體的職業(yè)道德現(xiàn)狀

蔣桂芳總結(jié)說(shuō)，當(dāng)前我國(guó)高校教師在職業(yè)道德方面存在著這樣的一些問(wèn)題：（1）政治信念不堅(jiān)定。（2）缺乏敬業(yè)精神。（3）不能為人師表。（4）缺乏育人觀念。（5）治學(xué)不嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)。

作為高校教師隊(duì)伍中的一個(gè)群體，英語(yǔ)本科畢業(yè)論文評(píng)估主體也存在著蔣桂芳提到的職業(yè)道德問(wèn)題。針對(duì)畢業(yè)論文評(píng)估這一工作，英語(yǔ)本科畢業(yè)論文評(píng)估主體的職業(yè)道德問(wèn)題還突出地表現(xiàn)在這樣的幾個(gè)方面：（1）不能正確、客觀地看待畢業(yè)論文，對(duì)畢業(yè)論文本身的重要性存在錯(cuò)誤的認(rèn)識(shí)或認(rèn)識(shí)不到位，不能按時(shí)、規(guī)范地評(píng)估畢業(yè)論文，有的時(shí)候還會(huì)帶著情緒開(kāi)展評(píng)估工作。（2）不愿意主動(dòng)學(xué)習(xí)、鉆研測(cè)試及評(píng)估領(lǐng)域的重要知識(shí)和理論，評(píng)估畢業(yè)論文時(shí)主觀性隨意性太強(qiáng)，打出的成績(jī)往往經(jīng)不起同行的推敲，可解釋性不強(qiáng)，有的時(shí)候甚至無(wú)法說(shuō)服學(xué)生。（3）評(píng)估主體各成員之間在評(píng)估的過(guò)程中往往各自為陣，缺乏應(yīng)有的銜接與溝通，更談不上有效的團(tuán)隊(duì)協(xié)作。

四、英語(yǔ)本科畢業(yè)論文評(píng)估主體的職業(yè)道德對(duì)評(píng)估工作的影響

篇3

2.1The history of British English 3

2.2 The history of American English 4

3. Grammar differences between British English and American English 6

3.1 Lexical differences 6

3.1.1The different use of collective nouns in their single or plural forms 7

3.1.2 Differences in verb 7

3.1.2.1 Differences in the inflectional endings of verbs 7

3.1.2.2Different use of present perfect tenses 8

3.1.2.3 Different use of transitive and intransitive verbs 8

3.1.2.4 Different use of "have" 9

3.1.3 Different use of function words 9

3.1.3.1 Different use of preposition and adverb 9

3.1.3.2 Different use of auxiliary verb 10

3.1.3.3 Differences in articles 11

3.2 Syntactical differences 12

3.2.1 Differences in compound object 12

3.2.2 Presence or absence of syntactic elements 13

3.2.3 Different use of subjunctive mood 13

4. The differences between British English and the special form of American English—Black English 14

5. The tendency of the development of British English and American English 17

6. Conclusion 17

Acknowledgements 19

References 19

1．Introduction

There is one play in the famous American TV series Friends: Ross will go to England to marry Emily, suddenly Rachel decides to show his love to Ross and goes to England either, so his friend Phoebe makes a call to tell the news to Ross and Emily, Emily’s housekeeper answers the call. The dialogue as follows:

Housekeeper: The Waltham Residence.

Phoebe: Oh...yes…is this…umm…Emily’s Parents’ house?

Housekeeper: This is the housekeeper speaking. And by the way, young lady, that is not how one addresses oneself on the telephone. First one identifies oneself and then asks for the person with whom one wishes to speak.

Phoebe: (In a British accent)This is Phoebe Buffay. I was wondering, please, if-if it’s not too much trouble, please, umm，might I speak to Miss Emily Waltham, please?

Housekeeper: Miss Waltham is at the rehearsal dinner and it’s not polite to make fun of people. Goodbye.

Phoebe: No,no,no, I’ll be nice, I swear!!! Could you just give me the number for where they are?

Housekeeper: I’m afraid, I’m not at liberty to divulge that information.

Phoebe: Ok, somebody is on their way to ruin wedding okay. And I have to warn somebody, alright. So if you don’t give me that number then I’m going to come over there and kick your snooty ass all the way to New Glocken...shire.

Housekeeper: Hangs up[1]

We can see from the above dialogue that British English is more serious and formal than American English. The American speaks at will while the Englishmen speak gently. As we all know the two major varieties of English used by people as native language are British and American English. There seems to be little differences between the two varieties but the influences are very different. On some occasion we may have some mistakes in communication, in order to help the English speakers and learners understand the two varieties better and to eliminate troubles that may prevent communication and English writing, so I will make analysis on the grammar differences between British English and American English.

2. British English and American English

Nowadays English has developed into a global language. The fact that such a large number of people all around the world speak English means that there are many dialects and varieties. The two major varieties of English used by people as native language are British and American English. As a message carrier, English fully reflects the unique culture possessed by the British and American countries. Since in Dissertations on the English Language, Noah Webster pointed out “several circumstances render a feature separation of the American tongue from the English necessary and unavoidable.”

2.1 The History of British English

English is a West Germanic language which originated from the Anglo-Frisian dialects brought to Britain by Germanic settlers from various parts of what is now northwest Germany and the northern Netherlands. Initially, Old English was a diverse group of dialects, reflecting the varied origins of the Anglo-Saxon Kingdoms of England. One of these dialects, Late West Saxon, eventually came to dominate. The original Old English language was then influenced by two waves of invasion: the first by speakers of the Scandinavian branch of the Germanic language family, who conquered and colonized parts of Britain in the 8th and 9th centuries; the second by the Normans in the 11th century, who spoke Old Norman and ultimately developed an English variety of this called Anglo-Norman. These two invasions caused English to become "mixed" to some degree, though it was never a truly mixed language in the strict linguistic sense of the word, as mixed languages arise from the cohabitation of speakers of different languages, who develop a hybrid tongue for basic communication.

Cohabitation with the Scandinavians resulted in a significant grammatical simplification and lexical enrichment of the Anglo-Frisian core of English; the later Norman occupation led to the grafting onto that Germanic core of a more elaborate layer of words from the Romance languages. This Norman influence entered English largely through the courts and government. Thus, English developed into a "borrowing" language of great flexibility, resulting in an enormous and varied vocabulary. It mainly divided into four periods.

（1）Proto-English （the 5th century AD）[2]

The languages of Germanic tribes gave rise to the English language (the Angles, Saxons, Frisians, Jutes and perhaps even the Franks), who traded and fought with the Latin-speaking Roman Empire in the centuries-long process of the Germanic peoples' expansion into Western Europe. Many Latin words for common objects entered the vocabulary of these Germanic peoples before any of their tribes reached Britain; examples include camp, cheese, cook, fork, inch, kettle, kitchen, linen, mile, mill, mint (coin), noon, pillow, pin, pound, punt (boat), street and wall. The Romans also gave the English language words which they had themselves borrowed from other languages: anchor, butter, chest, devil, dish, sack and wine.

（2）Old English（AD 450—1100）[2]

The invaders' Germanic language replaced the indigenous Brythonic languages. （form one of the two branches of the Insular Celtic language family, the other being Goidelic）The original Celtic languages remained in parts of Scotland, Wales and Cornwall. The dialects spoken by the Anglo-Saxons formed what is now called Old English. Later, it was strongly influenced by the North Germanic language Norse, spoken by the Vikings （is one of the Norse (Scandinavian) explorers, warriors, merchants, and pirates who raided and colonized wide areas of Europe from the late eighth to the early eleventh century.）who invaded and settled mainly in the north-east of England. The new and the earlier settlers spoke languages from different branches of the Germanic family; many of their lexical roots were the same or similar, although their grammars were more distinct, including the prefix, suffix and inflection patterns for many words. The Germanic language of these Old English-speaking inhabitants was influenced by contact with Norse invaders, which might have been responsible for some of the morphological simplification of Old English, including the loss of grammatical gender and explicitly marked case (with the notable exception of the pronouns). The most famous surviving work from the Old English period is a fragment of the epic poem "Beowulf" composed by an unknown poet; it is thought to have been substantially modified, probably by Christian clerics long after its composition.

（3）Middle English（AD 1066-1470）[2]

For about 300 years following the Norman Conquest in 1066, the Norman kings and their high nobility spoke only one of the langues d'oïl called Anglo-Norman, whilst English continued to be the language of the common people. Various contemporary sources suggest that within fifty years of the invasion, most of the Normans outside the royal court spoke English, with French remaining the prestige language of government and law, largely out of social inertia. For example, Orderic Vitalis, a historian born in 1075 and the son of a Norman knight, said that he learned French only as a second language. A tendency for French-derived words to have more formal connotations has continued to the present day; most modern English speakers would consider a "cordial reception" (from French) to be more formal than a "hearty welcome" (Germanic). Another example is the very unusual construction of the words for animals being separated from the words for their food products e.g. beef and pork (from the French bœuf and porc) being the products of the Germanically named animals 'cow' and 'pig'.                  

（4）Modern English（1500 up to the present）[2]

Modern English can be divided into two parts: early modern english(1500-1800)and late modern English. Modern English is often dated from the Great Vowel Shift, which took place mainly during the 15th century. English was further transformed by the spread of a standardized London-based dialect in government and administration and by the standardizing effect of printing. By the time of William Shakespeare (mid-late 16th century), the language had become clearly recognizable as Modern English.

English has continuously adopted foreign words, especially from Latin and Greek, since the Renaissance. (In the 17th century, Latin words were often used with the original inflections, but these eventually disappeared). As there are many words from different languages and English spelling is variable, the risk of mispronunciation is high, but remnants of the older forms remain in a few regional dialects, most notably in the West Country.

In 1755, Samuel Johnson published the first significan t English dictionary, his Dictionary of the English Language.

2.2 The history of American English

During the 17th century, or more precisely on May 14, 1607, the first English settlers landed in Virginia. This was a group of 104 London entrepreneurs and they established the first English colony in Jamestown. Later on, in 1620, the Pilgrim Fathers, settlers from England, landed in Massachusetts, and also brought the English language over the Atlantic Ocean to America and another variety of English was born, American English. This variety is the largest of all the English varieties, since as many as 70% of the native English speakers live in the US. American English has preserved a number of words and features from the English spoken in England at the time of the settlement, which have now been changed in British English.

The history of American English can be divided into the colonial (1607-1776), the national (1776-1898), and the international (1898-present) periods. During nearly four hundred years of use in North America, the English language changed in small ways in pronunciation and grammar but extensively in vocabulary and in the attitude of its speakers. English settlements along the Atlantic Coast during the seventeenth century provided the foundation for English as a permanent language in the New World. But the English of the American colonies was bound to become distinct from that of the motherland. When people do not talk with one another, they begin to talk differently. The Atlantic Ocean served as an effective barrier to oral communication between the colonists and those who stayed in England, ensuring that their speech would evolve in different directions.[3]

   Americans also came cheek-to-jowl with "Amerindians" of several linguistic stocks, as well as French and Dutch speakers. They had to talk in new ways to communicate with their new neighbors. Moreover, the settlers had come from various districts and social groups of England, so there was a homogenizing effect: those in a given colony came to talk more like one another and less like any particular community in England. All these influences combined to make American English a distinct variety of the language. In the United States, there are also regional differences, and these are ultimately descendants of a mixture of accents spoken in the British Isles at the time of the settlement of America. Dialect boundaries in the US tend to run from east to west. The first immigrants settled along the Atlantic coast and they spread from east to west across the continent and took some dialect forms, for example words and pronunciation features, with them. The dialect areas in North America are much larger than they are in England, mainly because English has been spoken in England for about 1,500 years, but in America for only approximately 300 years. Because of America’s recent settlement, there has not been enough time for linguistic changes and this is why there are not so many dialect differences in this large country.

 

3. Grammar differences between British English and American English

English grammar is the set of rules within the English language itself. "An English grammar"(one kind of grammar system)is a specific study or analysis of these rules. In linguistics, grammar refers to the logical and structural rules that govern the composition of sentences, phrases, and words in any given natural language. The term refers also to the study of such rules, and this field includes lexicology and syntax, often complemented by phonetics, phonology, semantics, and pragmatics. I mainly make analysis on the lexical and syntactical differences between British English and American English.

3.1 Lexical Differences

Lexicology is that part of linguistics which studies words, their nature and meaning, words’ elements, relations between words (semantical relations), words groups and the whole lexicon. Lexical differences mean relating to the words’ differences of a language.

3.1.1 The different use of collective nouns in their single or plural forms

Collective nouns such as “team, faculty, family, government” often take plural verb agreement and plural pronoun substitution in Britain English, but they nearly always take singular agreement and singular pronoun substitution in American English. There is a tendency in Britain English, to stress the individuality of the members, which is reflected in plural verb agreement and pronoun substitution, whereas American English Strongly tends to stress the unitary function of the group, which is reflected in singular verb and pronoun forms.[4] 6

Some examples:

Your team is doing well this year, isn’t it? (AmE)

Your team are doing well this year, aren’t they? (BrE)

3.1.2 Differences in Verb

In syntax, a verb is a word (part of speech) that usually denotes an action (bring, read), an occurrence (decompose, glitter), or a state of being (exist, stand). Depending on the language, a verb may vary in form according to many factors, possibly including its tense, aspect, mood and voice. It may also agree with the person, gender, and/or number of some of its arguments (subject, object).

3.1.2.1 Differences in the Inflectional Endings of Verbs

The past tense and past participle of the verbs are different in BrE and AmE.

The past tense and past participle of the verbs learn, spoil, spell, burn, dream, smell, spill, leap, and others, can be either irregular (learnt, spoilt, etc.) or regular (learned, spoiled, etc.). In BrE, the irregular and regular forms are current; in some cases (smelt, leapt) there is a strong tendency towards the irregular forms (especially by speakers using Received Pronunciation); in other cases (dreamed, leaned, learned) the regular forms are somewhat more common. In AmE, the irregular forms are never or rarely used (except for burnt and leapt).

Nonetheless, as with other usages considered nowadays to be typically British, the t endings are often found in older American texts. However, usage may vary when the past participles are actually adjectives, as in burnt toast.( Note that the two-syllable form learned ['lə:nid] usually written simply as learnt, is still used as an adjective to mean "educated", or to refer to academic institutions, in both BrE and AmE.)Finally, the past tense and past participle of dwell and kneel are more commonly dwelt and knelt on both sides of the Atlantic, although dwelled and kneeled are widely used in the US (but not in the UK).

In British English, the past tense of “get’’ is “got”, while American English usually use its past participle “gotten”.

For example,

A. John has got much better during the last week. (BrE)

B. John has gotten much better during the last week. (AmE)

According to the custom that British English usually uses “got” while American English “gotten”, we can quickly tell the nationality of the speaker. The former is British and the later is American. When Americans use “got”, they mean “own, possess and dominate”, such as the following two examples:

They’ve got no pride.

I’ve got plenty of material if I can just handle it.

3.1.2.2 Different use of present perfect tenses

Traditionally, BrE uses the present perfect tense to talk about an event in the recent past(express an action that has occurred in the recent past that has an effect on the present moment) and with the words already, just, and yet. For example:

British English:[5]

I've just had lunch

I've already seen that film

Have you finished your homework yet?

American English:[5]

I just had lunch or I've just had lunch.

I've already seen that film OR I already saw that film.

Have your finished your homework yet? Or did you finish your homework yet?

In American usage, these meanings can be expressed with the present perfect (to express a fact) or the simple past (to imply an expectation). This American style has become widespread only in the past 20 to 30 years; the British style is still in common use as well. In British English the present perfect is used to.

"I've just arrived home." / "I just arrived home."

"I've already eaten." / "I already ate." [6]

Recently, the American use of just with simple past has made inroads into BrE, most visibly in advertising slogans and headlines such as "Cable broadband just got faster".

Similarly, AmE occasionally replaces the pluperfect with the preterite. Also, US spoken usage sometimes, especially with the contracted forms, substitutes the conditional for the pluperfect (If I would have cooked the pie we could have had it for lunch), but this tends to be avoided in writing.[6]

3.1.2.3 Different use of transitive and intransitive verbs

The following verbs show differences in transitivity between BrE and AmE.[6]

agree: transitive or intransitive in BrE, usually intransitive in AmE (agree a contract/agree to or on a contract). However, in formal AmE legal writing one often sees constructions like as may be agreed between the parties (rather than as may be agreed upon between the parties).

appeal(as a decision): usually intransitive in BrE (used with against) and transitive in AmE (appeal against the decision to the Court/appeal the decision to the Court).

cater("to provide food and service"): intransitive in BrE, transitive in AmE (to cater for a banquet/to cater a banquet).

claim: sometimes intransitive in BrE (used with for), strictly transitive in AmE.

protest: in the sense of "oppose", intransitive in BrE, transitive in AmE (The workers protested against the decision/The workers protested the decision). The intransitive protest against in AmE means, "to hold or participate in a demonstration against". The older sense "proclaim" is always transitive (protest one's innocence).

write: in BrE, the indirect object of this verb usually requires the preposition to, for example, I'll write to my MP or I'll write to her (although it is not required in some situations, for example when an indirect object pronoun comes before a direct object noun, for example, I'll write her a letter). In AmE, write can be used monotransitively (I'll write my congressman; I'll write him).

3.1.2.4 Different use of “have”.

British English usually uses “Have you any children?” or “Have you got any

children?” while Americans commonly express the same meaning with “Do you have any children?”Let us see some other examples.

How many brothers do you have? (AmE)

How many brothers have you? (BrE)

You don’t have much room here. (AmE)

You haven’t (got) much room here. (BrE)

3.1.3 Different use of function words

Function words (or grammatical words) are words that have little lexical meaning or have ambiguous meaning, but instead serve to express grammatical relationships with other words within a sentence, or specify the attitude or mood of the speaker. Words that are not function words are called content words (or lexical words): these include nouns, verbs, adjectives, and most adverbs, although some adverbs are function words (e.g., then and why). Dictionaries define the specific meanings of content words, but can only describe the general usages of function words. By contrast, grammars describe the use of function words in detail, but treat lexical words in general terms only. Now I will compare the different use of function words in BrE and AE in detail as follows.

3.1.3.1 Different use of preposition and adverb

Differences between British and American English in prepositions are shown in the following two aspects: (1) different use of prepositions in the construction of phrases; (2) when using phrases, one will use a preposition while the other will omit it.

(1)Let us first review the different use of prepositions.

Your daughter’s name stands first in the list. (BrE)

Your daughter’s name stands first on the list. (AmE)

These dresses are in a sale. (BrE)

These dresses are on sale. (AmE)

He will come here at a quarter to three. (BrE, AmE)

He will come here at a quarter before /of / till three. (AmE)

She lives just round the corner (BrE).[7]4

She lives just around the corner (AmE).

Similarly, “five past nine” can be expressed in American English by “five after nine” or “nine five”. In front of “weekend” and “Christmas”, British English uses “at” or “over”, while American English adopts “over” or “on”.

At the weekend / Christmas (BrE)

Over the weekend / Christmas (BrE, AmE)

On the weekend / Christmas (AmE)

(2) Omitting preposition[8]2

In British English, before “day”, “week” or “certain day”, preposition “on” shall be used, while it is not so in American English.

The new term begins on September 1. (BrE)

The new term begins September 1. (AmE)

I’ll see you on Monday. (BrE)

I’ll see you Monday. (AmE)

In American English, when “home” is used as an adverb, the preposition “at” is not needed. But, in British English, “at” is required before “home”. Hence, “at home” is used in British English.

Is he home? (AmE)

Is he at home? (BrE)

3.1.3.2 Different use of auxiliary verb

In linguistics, an auxiliary is a verb functioning to give further semantic or syntactic information about the main or full verb following it. There are three types: Modal auxiliaries，have and go.

No matter in the frequency or the tendency of auxiliary verb, AmE differs from BrE. Their differences are stated as follows:.

(1)shall

Shall in BrE, is widely used in the fist person to raise questions, answer questions ,or to express future, while in AmE it is only used in the law file or informal style paper. In formal style paper, people usually use will or should. Such as:

Br.E:1)I shall tell you later.

Am.E:1)I will tell you later.

2)Shall I drink this now?

2)Should I drink this now?

(2)would[9]2

Would has two special usages in AmE, firstly it can show the usual action in the past. such as: When I was small, I would go there everyday.

However in BrE, the past tense or used to can express the past uaual action, therefore in BrE the above sentence should be changed into: When I was small, I went there everyday. Or When I was wmall, I used to go there everyday.

Secondly, would in AmE can express hypothesis in some informal language, quite like a kind of subjunctive mood, however in BrE not.

Try to compare:

Am.E:1)I wish I would have done it.

2)If I would have seen one, I would have bought it for you.

Br.E(it also the same with AmE):1)I wish I had done it.

2)If I had seen one, I would have bought it for you.

In Br.E, “would” and “will” can express suppose, while in Am.E the auxiliary verb “should” and “must” express supposition. Try to compare:

Br.E:1)That will be the postman at the door.

2)That would be zhongshan Road over there.

 

Am.E:　1)That must be (should be)the mailman at the door.

2)That should be(must be)Zhongshan Rood over there.

(3)used to

“Used to” in AmE is not seen as Modal auxiliary, but seen as notional word. To the opposite, in Br.E, used to is just seen as modal auxiliary, can offer or deny questions, also can be used as notional word but people use “do” to offer or deny questions. For example:

1)He used to go there.(notional verb)

Did he use to go there.(notional verb)

2)Used he to go there.(auxiliary verb)

He used not to go there.(auxiliary verb)

(4)ought to[9]6

“Ought to” is widely used in BrE to raise or deny questions, but in AmE use “should” to substitute for it, such as:

Br.E:1)Ought we to eat lunch?

Am.E:1)Should we eat lunch?

2)You ought not(oughtn’t) to have said that.      2)You shouldn’t have said that.

In AmE, ought to and used to are all used as notional verbs in the informal papers and such forms are said to be not standard forms. For example:

1)Did you ought to say that?

2)You didn’t ought to have said that.

(5) Different use of the indefinite pronoun “one”

 In BrE we can use “one” to indicate the “one” of the former writing again while in AmE we usually use “he” or “his” to instead the “one” of the former writing. For instance:

One cannot succeed unless one works hard.(BrE)

One cannot succeed unless he works hard.(AmE)

3.1.3.3 Differences in articles[19]

(1)The omitting of articles

Most phrases of British English have articles, while those of American English do not have. The “the” in the standard expressions in British English “all the afternoon”, “all the winter”, “all the week”, “this time of the year”, ect. But the articles are usually omitted in American English. For example:

The swimming pools are open all summer.

I’ll be here all afternoon.

He has been gone all week.

British English will use articles in front of “sickness”, “river” and etc., while American English does not. For example,

British English expresses in the form of “the measles”, “the mumps”, “the flu”, “the Niagara Falls” and “the Black Creek”, while American English says “measles”, “mumps”, “flu”, “Niagara Falls” and “Black Creek”.

However, there are exceptions. In some expressions, British English does not use articles, while American English does.

BrE                         AmE

Go into hospital                Go into the hospital

In hospital                   In the hospital

At university                  At the university

Sentences are as follows:

Next day, the rain began. (BrE)

The next day, the rain began. (AmE)

In future, I’d like you to pay more attention to detail. (BrE)

In the future, I’d like you to pay more attention to detail. (AmE)

(2) The position of articles

British English and American English are different from each other in the use of “a” or “an” with “half”. In British English, “a” follows “half”, for example, “half a dozen”, “half an hour”, “half a mile”, and “half a pound”. In American English, “a” is put in front of “half”, for example, “a half dozen”, “a half hour”, “a half mile” and “a half pound”.

3.2 Syntactical differences

Syntax is the study of the principles and rules for constructing sentences in natural languages. The sentence is the highest rank of grammatical unit. Based on one or more than one clause, the sentence is also the basic linguistic unit of connected discourse; it can stand alone and perform a function in social communication. Thus, a sentence can be defined as a grammatical unit that can perform a communicative function. I will explain the syntactic differences as follows.

3.2.1Differences in compound object[20]

The Verb“ -to do” usually used as compound object in British English, While past participle or past participle phrase mostly used as compound object in American English. Try to compare:

1)He also had ordered his luggage to be labeled for crew.(Bronte.)   (BrE)

2)Last year an American hotel manager ordered his quests evacuated after an anonymous bomb threat.(AmE)

3)I have a roll that was in dead storage during the war which I ordered put back in running order. (O' Hara) (AmE)

The two compound structures (compound object with past participle and compound object with –to do) are both used in the BrE and AmE, while the AmE use compound object more frequent ly than BrE. However, there are some differences in the routine usage of Verb related to this phrase structure. The verb “to order” usually linked with the compound structure with past participle in AmE, but linked with the compound structure with “verb -to do” in BrE.

3.2.2 Presence or absence of syntactic elements[11]

Where a statement of intention involves two separate activities, it is acceptable for speakers of AmE to use to go plus bare infinitive. Speakers of BrE would instead use to go and plus bare infinitive. Thus, where a speaker of AmE might say I'll go take a bath, BrE speakers would say I'll go and have a bath. (Both can also use the form to go to instead to suggest that the action may fail, as in He went to take/have a bath, but the bath was full of children.) Similarly, to come plus bare infinitive is acceptable to speakers of AmE, where speakers of BrE would instead use to come and plus bare infinitive. Thus, where a speaker of AmE might say come see what I bought, BrE speakers would say come and see what I've bought (notice the present perfect tense: a common British preference).

As to whether a preposition is used before days denoted by a single word, British people would say she resigned on Thursday, while Americans often say she resigned Thursday, but both forms are common in American usage. Occasionally, in AmE the preposition is also absent when referring to months: I'll be here December (although this usage is generally limited to colloquial speech).But, it will say “I’ll be here on December.” in BrE.

In the UK, from is used with single dates and times more often than in the United States. Where British speakers and writers may say the new museum will be open from Tuesday, Americans most likely say the new museum will be open starting Tuesday. (This difference does not apply to phrases of the pattern from A to B, which are used in both BrE and AmE.) A variation or alternative of this is the most American will say “the play opens Tuesday” and the most British will say “the play opens on Tuesday”. American legislators and lawyers always use the preposition of between the name of a legislative act and the year it was passed, while their British colleagues do not. We can see such differences by making comparison between Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 and Disability Discrimination Act 1995.

3.2.3 Different use of subjunctive mood

The subjunctive mood used more in AmE than in BrE, which is mainly used in the formal style paper.

In subjunctive mood, American English will rarely reserve traditional subjunctive words.

I suggest that meeting be postponed. (AmE)

I suggest that meeting should be postponed. (BrE)

I wish I had done it. (AmE)

I wish I would have done it. (BrE)

4. The grammatical differences between British English and the special form of American English—Black English

Black English also called African American Vernacular English which is an African American variety (dialect, ethnolect and sociolect) of American English.There are four points in which black English differs from British English.

1)Negation

In addition, negatives are formed differently from standard American English:

Use of ain't as a general negative indicator. It can be used where Standard English would use am not, isn't, aren't, haven't and hasn't, a trait which is not specific to AAVE. However, in marked contrast to other varieties of English in the U.S., some speakers of AAVE also use ain't instead of don't, doesn't, or didn't (e.g., I ain't know that).[14] Ain't had its origins in common English, but became increasingly stigmatized since the 19th century. See also amn't.

Negative concord, popularly called "double negation", as in I didn't go nowhere; if the sentence is negative, all negatable forms are negated. This contrasts with Standard English, where a double negative is considered a positive (although this wasn't always so; see double negative). There is also "triple" or "multiple negation", as in the phrase I don't know nothing about no one no more, which would be "I don't know anything about anybody anymore" in Standard English.

In a negative construction, an indefinite pronoun such as nobody or nothing can be inverted with the negative verb particle for emphasis (eg. Don't nobody know the answer, Ain't nothin' goin' on.)

While these are features that AAVE has in common with Creole languages,[15] Howe and Walker use data from early recordings of African Nova Scotian English, Samaná English, and the recordings of former slaves to demonstrate that negation was inherited from nonstandard colonial English.

Some of these characteristics, notably doubl e negatives and the omission of certain auxiliaries such as the has in has been are also characteristic of general colloquial American English.

2)The omission of copula in black English

You crazy! ("You're crazy") or She my sister ("She's my sister"). The phenomenon is also observed in questions: Who you? ("Who're you?") and Where you at? ("Where are you (at)?"). On the other hand, a stressed is cannot be dropped: She is my sister.

Only the forms is and are (the latter of which, in any case, is often replaced by is) can be omitted. These forms cannot be omitted when they are pronounced with a stress (whether or not the stress serves specifically to impart an emphatic sense to the verb's meaning).

These forms cannot be omitted when the corresponding form in Standard English cannot show contraction (and vice-versa). For example, I don't know where he is cannot be reduced to (BrE) I don't know where he because in Standard English the corresponding reduction I don't know where he's is likewise impossible. (Though I don't know where he at is possible.) Possibly some other minor conditions apply as well.[16]

  3)Present-tense verbs uninflected for number/person

there is no -s ending in the present-tense third-person singular. Example: She write poetry ("She writes poetry"). Similarly, was is used for what in standard English are contexts for both was and were.[17]

  4)The word it or is denoting the existence of something

This usage is equivalent to Standard English there in "there is", or "there are". It is also found in the English of the US South. Examples its a doughnut in the cabinet ("There's a doughnut in the cabinet") and It ain't no spoon ("There isn't a spoon", also "They ain't no spoon").[17]

5) Altered syntax in questions

Why they ain't growin'? ("Why aren't they growing?") and Who the hell she think she is? ("Who the hell does she think she is?") lack the inversion of standard English. Because of this, there is also no need for the auxiliary DO.[18]

To put it simply, we can summarize the grammatical differences between British and American daily English as follows[19]:

(1) Sometimes, British and American English use different grammatical forms to express the same meaning;

(2) Sometimes, the same grammatical form expresses different meanings in British and American English;

(3) In some structures, either British English or American English will use integrated grammatical form, while the other adopts the omitted form;

(4) Sometimes, American and British English use the same grammatical form to express the same concept and meaning.

However, one of them may have another expression form, while the other does not. We could only avoid misunderstanding by paying attention to those differences in our study.

5. The tendency of the development of British English and American English

The English language changes as the rapid development of politics, economic, culture in Britain and American. After it goes through the three periods (old English, middle English and modern English),it also changes everyday, especially in the related ten years, the changes of English becomes more obvious. Although the English structure is not as obvious as the lexical development, it does not ignore. On the aspect of grammar, English experience the changes from the verb inflections of old English to use word in order to express meaning in the past 1500years, and English also become analytic language from synthetic language. Such experience makes English flexible, meanwhile it also broke the traditional grammar frame, the former disagreed rules transferred into acceptable English even native English. The speed on renewing lexical words is very fast.

On the whole, British English and American English fuse with each other, and they tend to be brief, clear and more flexible for use.

 

6．Conclusion

As the globalization and information world developed, more and more people from different countries use the same language―English to communicate and exchange ideas with each other. The above discussion about grammar difference between British English and American English is what I have found and concluded. Although there are many differences in detailed aspects in the use of daily British and American English, they are similar to each other in most of aspects. Therefore, they shall only be considered as different forms of the same language rather than two different languages. In addition, we cannot say which one is better or advanced. Any judgment or opinion that “British English is better or worse than American English” is biased. The purpose of this paper is to help English learners understand the two varieties better and eliminate some mistakes caused in communication or paper writing.

The differences between the British English and American English are caused by politics, economy, social life, culture, and geography. American English developed from British English, but it differs from British English. All in all, sinc e English is characterized by its huge vocabulary, great tolerance, and conciseness, it leaves little room for argument that English will be well on its way to be a diversified common language.

 

Acknowledgements

My initial thanks go to my supervisor Zhu Min, who patiently supervised my dissertation and was at times very willing to offer me illuminating advice or suggestions. Without her help, I could not have finished this dissertation.

I am also indebted to other teachers and my classmates who have not only offered me their warm encouragements but also shared with me their ideas and books. They are Mao Can、Gao YunPing and many others.

My greatest personal debt is to my grandparents and parents, who have cultivated a soul of sensitivity, hospitality, and honesty out of me, and offered a harbor of happiness and sweetness for me.

The remaining weakness and possible errors of the dissertation are entirely my own.

 

References

[1] 周樂(lè), 美式英語(yǔ)與英式英語(yǔ)比較與分析[J]. 湖南商學(xué)院外語(yǔ)系,2008.

[2] Wikipedia Contributors

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_English_language

[3] blog.languagetranslation.com/public/item/118655

[4] 王振明和公麗艷，英式英語(yǔ)與美式英語(yǔ)的差異[J]. 山東教育學(xué)院學(xué)報(bào),2002.

[5] esl.about.com/od/toeflieltscambridge/a/dif_ambrit.htm

[6]en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_and_British_English_differences#Use_of_tenses

[7] 孟憲友，英語(yǔ)與美語(yǔ)的差別對(duì)比研究[J]. 廣州大學(xué)外國(guó)語(yǔ)學(xué)院英語(yǔ)系,2002.

, Jour.of N.W. SCI-TECH Uni.of Agri.and Fore,2001.

, Journal of Shijiazhuang Teachers College,2001

, Journal of Wuhu Vocational Institute of Technology,2007

[11]Wikipedia Contributors

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_and_British_English_differences

, Journal of Hunan Agricultural University(Social Sciences), 2007

[13]張振邦,新編語(yǔ)法教程[M].上海,上海教育出版社,1993

, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press 

[15] Winford, Donald (1992), "Back to the past: The BEV/creole connection revisited", Language Variation and Change 4 (3): 311-357

[16] Geoff Pullum, "Why Ebonics Is No Joke" Lingua Franca transcript, 17 October 1998, Australian Broadcasting Corporation.

[17] en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American_Vernacular_English#Negation

篇4

［中圖分類號(hào)］G642.4 ［文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼］A ［文章編號(hào)］1009－5349（2012）02－0195－02

引言

根據(jù)開(kāi)放教育本科英語(yǔ)（教育方向）教學(xué)計(jì)劃的規(guī)定，學(xué)員在基本修完本專業(yè)規(guī)定的必修課和選修課后，進(jìn)入以撰寫(xiě)畢業(yè)論文為主的集中實(shí)踐環(huán)節(jié)。教學(xué)實(shí)踐設(shè)計(jì)環(huán)節(jié)即畢業(yè)論文設(shè)計(jì)是開(kāi)放教育本科英語(yǔ)專業(yè)教育方向的一個(gè)極為重要的環(huán)節(jié)。在本文中，筆者基于近五年的畢業(yè)論文指導(dǎo)實(shí)踐基礎(chǔ)，闡述了開(kāi)放教育英語(yǔ)本科畢業(yè)論文的特點(diǎn)，分析了畢業(yè)論文寫(xiě)作中存在的問(wèn)題和不足之處，并在此基礎(chǔ)上提出了相應(yīng)的對(duì)策與建議。

一、開(kāi)放教育本科英語(yǔ)專業(yè)畢業(yè)論文的特點(diǎn)

開(kāi)放教育本科英語(yǔ)教育專業(yè)學(xué)員所寫(xiě)的畢業(yè)論文除了學(xué)術(shù)性（scholarly）、創(chuàng)新性（original）、規(guī)范性（formal）這幾個(gè)畢業(yè)論文的基本特征外，還應(yīng)體現(xiàn)英語(yǔ)教育的職業(yè)性（professional）和過(guò)程性。

（一）畢業(yè)論文的設(shè)計(jì)應(yīng)體現(xiàn)理論聯(lián)系教育實(shí)踐原則

所謂“學(xué)有所用”，學(xué)員畢業(yè)論文的選題要結(jié)合自己的課堂教學(xué)實(shí)踐，真正解決本人在教學(xué)實(shí)踐中遇到的客觀存在的問(wèn)題。畢業(yè)論文指導(dǎo)教師應(yīng)就“教學(xué)行為研究”的基本要求和原則面向全體學(xué)員以講座或課程的形式進(jìn)行指導(dǎo)。整篇畢業(yè)論文至少要體現(xiàn)有四次教學(xué)研究記錄或教學(xué)日記；要有一次課堂教學(xué)的錄像或錄音；要有原始調(diào)查問(wèn)卷，或座談的錄音等，以保證教育教學(xué)這一職業(yè)性的凸顯。

（二）畢業(yè)論文的設(shè)計(jì)應(yīng)該體現(xiàn)過(guò)程性原則

整個(gè)畢業(yè)論文設(shè)計(jì)必須經(jīng)過(guò)問(wèn)題分析、方案設(shè)計(jì)、項(xiàng)目實(shí)施、項(xiàng)目評(píng)估和項(xiàng)目報(bào)告幾個(gè)階段。學(xué)員的研究必須針對(duì)其課堂中確確實(shí)實(shí)反映出的問(wèn)題，方案的設(shè)計(jì)必須符合要求，實(shí)施階段必須嚴(yán)格監(jiān)控，保證有一個(gè)月的實(shí)施時(shí)間，指導(dǎo)教師對(duì)學(xué)生的研究要如實(shí)評(píng)估，項(xiàng)目報(bào)告，亦即論文必須符合論文的寫(xiě)作規(guī)范，要體現(xiàn)指導(dǎo)過(guò)程。整個(gè)設(shè)計(jì)環(huán)節(jié)由5個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)組成：

1.項(xiàng)目啟動(dòng)：指導(dǎo)教師可采用集體或分散等指導(dǎo)方式，介紹研究原則和研究方法，布置研究任務(wù)；

2.問(wèn)題分析和方案設(shè)計(jì)：學(xué)員分析自己課堂教學(xué)中反映出的問(wèn)題，設(shè)計(jì)問(wèn)題解決方案；

3.項(xiàng)目實(shí)施：學(xué)員通過(guò)課堂教學(xué)具體實(shí)施方案；

4.項(xiàng)目評(píng)估：學(xué)員運(yùn)用評(píng)估手段和方法，對(duì)項(xiàng)目的事實(shí)情況及結(jié)果進(jìn)行評(píng)估；

5.項(xiàng)目報(bào)告：學(xué)員根據(jù)論文寫(xiě)作規(guī)范，用英文寫(xiě)出正文4000詞左右的項(xiàng)目報(bào)告，同時(shí)提供項(xiàng)目實(shí)施過(guò)程中的所有原始材料。

在整個(gè)論文的寫(xiě)作過(guò)程中，項(xiàng)目啟動(dòng)是整個(gè)論文寫(xiě)作的理論基礎(chǔ)；問(wèn)題分析和方案設(shè)計(jì)確定論文研究方向；項(xiàng)目實(shí)施是論文實(shí)用價(jià)值體現(xiàn)的關(guān)鍵環(huán)節(jié)；項(xiàng)目評(píng)估是對(duì)論文學(xué)術(shù)價(jià)值的提煉；項(xiàng)目報(bào)告是對(duì)整個(gè)寫(xiě)作痕跡的保留。這五個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)環(huán)環(huán)相扣，缺一不可，相輔相成，層層遞進(jìn)。

二、撰寫(xiě)開(kāi)放教育本科英語(yǔ)專業(yè)畢業(yè)論文存在的問(wèn)題及其對(duì)策

畢業(yè)論文寫(xiě)作對(duì)于開(kāi)放教育本科英語(yǔ)專業(yè)的學(xué)員來(lái)說(shuō)非常具有挑戰(zhàn)性，因?yàn)槌送瓿梢话惝厴I(yè)論文所要完成的各個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)以外，英語(yǔ)專業(yè)的學(xué)生還需用英文進(jìn)行畢業(yè)論文的寫(xiě)作。要想順利完成英語(yǔ)專業(yè)畢業(yè)論文設(shè)計(jì),學(xué)員要從論文的選題、時(shí)間安排及寫(xiě)作心態(tài)三方面同步著手。

（一）選題問(wèn)題

開(kāi)放教育學(xué)員本身寫(xiě)作水平不高（大多學(xué)員學(xué)歷為中專），面對(duì)論文選題往往要么望而卻步，要么求大求空，無(wú)法駕馭論文寫(xiě)作。要解決畢業(yè)論文選題難這個(gè)問(wèn)題，在具體的畢業(yè)論文指導(dǎo)實(shí)踐中，指導(dǎo)教師則需著力推進(jìn)“兩個(gè)兼容”原則。該原則有利于學(xué)員對(duì)自己的教學(xué)實(shí)踐進(jìn)行反思，并學(xué)以致用。

1.原則之一：教學(xué)實(shí)踐和學(xué)術(shù)研究兼容。由于開(kāi)放教育本科英語(yǔ)專業(yè)的學(xué)員大多數(shù)是中小學(xué)一線教師，有著相當(dāng)豐富的教學(xué)經(jīng)驗(yàn)，駕馭本專業(yè)與自己工作實(shí)踐聯(lián)系緊密的論文選題會(huì)相對(duì)來(lái)說(shuō)容易得多。其次，學(xué)員對(duì)自己多年來(lái)的教學(xué)實(shí)踐進(jìn)行反思和思考，整理和提煉教學(xué)心得，再用于指導(dǎo)自己的教學(xué)實(shí)踐，這樣的論文很有實(shí)踐性和指導(dǎo)性。最后要注意在強(qiáng)調(diào)聯(lián)系教育實(shí)踐的同時(shí)，也不能輕視了畢業(yè)論文的規(guī)范性，學(xué)員通過(guò)英文寫(xiě)作鍛煉了英文寫(xiě)作技巧，同時(shí)也對(duì)論文寫(xiě)作的規(guī)范要求進(jìn)行了寫(xiě)作實(shí)踐。

2.原則之二：個(gè)人特長(zhǎng)和實(shí)際情況兼容。學(xué)員進(jìn)行畢業(yè)論文的選題時(shí)還要考慮自己的特長(zhǎng)、綜合知識(shí)水平、學(xué)術(shù)科研能力和客觀條件。學(xué)員最好選擇自身擅長(zhǎng)并且有一定興趣的題目。擅長(zhǎng)能表現(xiàn)出學(xué)員對(duì)該論題有較深的認(rèn)識(shí)思考及一定的實(shí)踐經(jīng)驗(yàn)，能降低寫(xiě)作難度，更充分地發(fā)揮個(gè)人的主觀能動(dòng)性，從而做到素材充實(shí)，個(gè)人見(jiàn)解深刻，針對(duì)性強(qiáng)。指導(dǎo)老師可幫助學(xué)生對(duì)歷年的論文題目進(jìn)行歸類，然后就每一類給出具體實(shí)例，讓學(xué)員親身體驗(yàn)，和學(xué)員共同探討，尋找自己感興趣、熟悉或是能駕馭的題目。歷年論文題目基本可劃分為教學(xué)實(shí)踐經(jīng)驗(yàn)總結(jié)、學(xué)生心理研究、學(xué)科思想、學(xué)生非智力因素等方面。

（二）時(shí)間問(wèn)題

由于開(kāi)放教育本科英語(yǔ)專業(yè)學(xué)員大多為成人或在職中小學(xué)英語(yǔ)教師，工作負(fù)擔(dān)沉重，家庭生活壓力大，在完成工作任務(wù)和照顧好家庭之余用于論文寫(xiě)作的時(shí)間就非常有限，因此時(shí)間的合理安排和使用是畢業(yè)論文按期按質(zhì)完成的重要保障。畢業(yè)論文的時(shí)間安排表如下：

從上表可以看出，在教學(xué)計(jì)劃中留出用于畢業(yè)論文寫(xiě)作的時(shí)間本身就非常有限，且由于是安排在最后一個(gè)學(xué)期，面臨畢業(yè)，論文已無(wú)延期上交的可能性，因?qū)W員自身不夠重視或工作忙等原因最后只能選擇放棄論文答辯的現(xiàn)象屢見(jiàn)不鮮。為改變這一無(wú)論是學(xué)員還是指導(dǎo)教師都不愿意看到的局面，筆者建議首先學(xué)員應(yīng)當(dāng)重視畢業(yè)論文的寫(xiě)作，畢竟三年所學(xué)，畢于所寫(xiě)。學(xué)員應(yīng)當(dāng)處理好學(xué)業(yè)與工作的關(guān)系，充分、高效地使用業(yè)余時(shí)間進(jìn)行論文方案的實(shí)施及撰寫(xiě)，對(duì)寫(xiě)作過(guò)程中的困難要有充分的思想準(zhǔn)備，耐得住寂寞，忍得下艱苦。其次，作為指導(dǎo)教師則應(yīng)確實(shí)把握好論文寫(xiě)作的每個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)，運(yùn)用E-Mail、手機(jī)等現(xiàn)代化聯(lián)系方式，或告知學(xué)生可進(jìn)行雙向語(yǔ)音或視頻聯(lián)絡(luò)的網(wǎng)址（例如雅虎通、QQ、MSN等）充分與學(xué)員進(jìn)行有效溝通，指導(dǎo)到位，引導(dǎo)學(xué)員逐段完成論文，漸入佳境。按時(shí)間安排逐項(xiàng)完成各項(xiàng)寫(xiě)作任務(wù)還有賴于指導(dǎo)教師對(duì)學(xué)員的階段性檢查，定期檢查學(xué)生的工作進(jìn)度和質(zhì)量。

（三）心態(tài)問(wèn)題

學(xué)員積極的寫(xiě)作心態(tài)，是畢業(yè)論文順利完成的重要保障。積極心態(tài)的創(chuàng)立離不開(kāi)指導(dǎo)教師的培養(yǎng)和學(xué)員自身養(yǎng)成。

1.指導(dǎo)教師要為學(xué)員設(shè)置成功目標(biāo)。在長(zhǎng)達(dá)半年的畢業(yè)論文寫(xiě)作過(guò)程中，指導(dǎo)教師在學(xué)員因?yàn)檫@樣或那樣的困難導(dǎo)致論文寫(xiě)不下去時(shí),應(yīng)不厭其煩地進(jìn)行鼓勵(lì)。為了使畢業(yè)論文順利完成這一遠(yuǎn)景目標(biāo)變得不那么遙不可及，指導(dǎo)教師可以對(duì)遠(yuǎn)景目標(biāo)進(jìn)行分解，放在每一個(gè)寫(xiě)作階段，逐一完成，使得遠(yuǎn)景目標(biāo)的實(shí)現(xiàn)具備較強(qiáng)的可操作性。

2.學(xué)員對(duì)自己的論文寫(xiě)作應(yīng)持積極心態(tài)。積極心態(tài)是一種對(duì)任何人、任何情況或任何環(huán)境所把持的正確、誠(chéng)懇而且有建設(shè)性，同時(shí)也不違背法律、道德和人類權(quán)利的思想、行為或反映。積極心態(tài)有利于畢業(yè)論文的順利完成。下圖是柳州市廣播電視大學(xué)2005-2011年部分畢業(yè)生畢業(yè)論文心理狀況調(diào)查表，可以反映出由于持不同心態(tài)的畢業(yè)生參加畢業(yè)論文寫(xiě)作會(huì)產(chǎn)生的不同結(jié)果。

柳州市廣播電視大學(xué)2005-2011年部分畢業(yè)生畢業(yè)論文心理狀況調(diào)查表

上表顯示的狀況是不能令人放心的，這樣的心態(tài)必然會(huì)引發(fā)教學(xué)、管理等方面的一系列問(wèn)題?；鞂W(xué)、浮學(xué)現(xiàn)象嚴(yán)重，缺勤、論文抄襲、拼湊等現(xiàn)象屢禁不絕。這些與上述消極心態(tài)有直接的關(guān)系。在艱辛的畢業(yè)論文創(chuàng)作過(guò)程中，學(xué)員應(yīng)抱積極心態(tài)，把自己遇到的種種失敗看成人生經(jīng)歷的寶貴財(cái)富。不論怎樣，堅(jiān)持下來(lái)，就是最大的勝利。在近五年的指導(dǎo)畢業(yè)論文的實(shí)踐中，筆者發(fā)現(xiàn)具有積極心態(tài)的學(xué)員寫(xiě)作目標(biāo)明確，動(dòng)機(jī)強(qiáng)，遇到寫(xiě)作困難時(shí)善于動(dòng)腦筋、想辦法，寫(xiě)作進(jìn)展速度快。而具有消極心態(tài)的學(xué)員在進(jìn)行畢業(yè)論文的創(chuàng)作時(shí)，往往遇難而退；面對(duì)種種寫(xiě)作困難采取逃避或是蒙混過(guò)關(guān)的辦法，其結(jié)果往往是論文不能按時(shí)上交，延期畢業(yè)。

三、結(jié)束語(yǔ)

綜上所述，堅(jiān)持“兩個(gè)兼容”原則指導(dǎo)學(xué)員選題，合理安排論文撰寫(xiě)時(shí)間，幫助學(xué)生建立積極的撰寫(xiě)心態(tài)，能較好地體現(xiàn)電大開(kāi)放教育培養(yǎng)“實(shí)用性、應(yīng)用性”人才的辦學(xué)宗旨，可以在一定程度上消除當(dāng)前畢業(yè)論文寫(xiě)作的尷尬狀況。畢業(yè)論文是一個(gè)極其艱辛的實(shí)施過(guò)程，只要學(xué)員合理安排好論文寫(xiě)作時(shí)間，保持積極的寫(xiě)作心態(tài)就能順利完成畢業(yè)論文的寫(xiě)作，參加論文答辯，達(dá)到個(gè)人的學(xué)術(shù)研究高峰。

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篇5

一、引言

本科畢業(yè)論文是本科人才培養(yǎng)的最后一個(gè)重要的綜合性實(shí)踐教學(xué)環(huán)節(jié)，是學(xué)生培養(yǎng)計(jì)劃中不可或缺的一部分。在英語(yǔ)專業(yè)教學(xué)中，畢業(yè)論文的撰寫(xiě)不僅有助于英語(yǔ)專業(yè)學(xué)生鞏固大學(xué)四年所學(xué)的基本理論、知識(shí)和語(yǔ)言技能，而且有利于培養(yǎng)本科生創(chuàng)新思維、獨(dú)立分析與解決問(wèn)題的能力以及科研能力等。畢業(yè)論文寫(xiě)作不但具有本科教學(xué)中其它教學(xué)環(huán)節(jié)所不能替代的實(shí)踐性和綜合性作用，同時(shí)也是衡量和檢驗(yàn)高校本科教學(xué)工作質(zhì)量的一個(gè)重要環(huán)節(jié)。2012年3月出臺(tái)的《教育部關(guān)于全面提高高等教育質(zhì)量的若干意見(jiàn)》中，特別強(qiáng)調(diào)要“強(qiáng)化育人環(huán)節(jié)，加強(qiáng)實(shí)踐教學(xué)管理，提高實(shí)驗(yàn)、實(shí)習(xí)實(shí)訓(xùn)、實(shí)踐和畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）質(zhì)量”。然而，近年來(lái)，各高校畢業(yè)論文質(zhì)量普遍下滑，引起了教育界的廣泛關(guān)注?；谶@一現(xiàn)狀，筆者以本校英語(yǔ)專業(yè)2012級(jí)和2013級(jí)部分畢業(yè)生為研究對(duì)象，通過(guò)問(wèn)卷調(diào)查和訪談等形式來(lái)分析探討本校英語(yǔ)專業(yè)畢業(yè)論文存在的問(wèn)題，并擬提出改進(jìn)措施，以期為今后畢業(yè)論文質(zhì)量的提高提供一定的參考依據(jù)。

二、基于問(wèn)卷調(diào)查的對(duì)比研究

1.問(wèn)卷設(shè)計(jì)。為了提高問(wèn)卷調(diào)查的有效性，在開(kāi)展問(wèn)卷調(diào)查之前，筆者所在課題小組成員對(duì)我校外語(yǔ)學(xué)院2012級(jí)論文指導(dǎo)教師（43名）開(kāi)展訪談，并對(duì)指導(dǎo)教師所反映的問(wèn)題進(jìn)行了記錄?；谇捌诘睦碚摼C述和指導(dǎo)教師反饋，本組成員將問(wèn)卷調(diào)查設(shè)計(jì)為29個(gè)問(wèn)題，其中前27個(gè)問(wèn)題為選擇題，后兩個(gè)問(wèn)題為開(kāi)放式問(wèn)答。問(wèn)卷調(diào)查的內(nèi)容涵蓋了論文撰寫(xiě)前的準(zhǔn)備階段，論文撰寫(xiě)過(guò)程階段以及論文撰寫(xiě)后的評(píng)價(jià)階段存在的主要問(wèn)題，每個(gè)階段涵蓋不同的側(cè)重點(diǎn)。論文撰寫(xiě)前，著重了解學(xué)生對(duì)于畢業(yè)論文的重要性認(rèn)識(shí)，了解學(xué)生選題出現(xiàn)的困難以及學(xué)生對(duì)于論文指導(dǎo)教師的評(píng)價(jià)。論文撰寫(xiě)過(guò)程中，主要側(cè)重于學(xué)生論文撰寫(xiě)中的難點(diǎn)，主要存在于論文撰寫(xiě)時(shí)間、論文文獻(xiàn)查找以及語(yǔ)言組織能力三個(gè)方面。論文撰寫(xiě)后，著重了解學(xué)生對(duì)于論文的答辯管理評(píng)價(jià)、論文的評(píng)定管理評(píng)價(jià)以及論文的質(zhì)量管理評(píng)價(jià)三個(gè)方面。

2.問(wèn)卷實(shí)施。本問(wèn)卷設(shè)計(jì)完成之后，本課題組5名指導(dǎo)教師首先抽取各自指導(dǎo)論文的2012級(jí)學(xué)生共計(jì)80進(jìn)行了問(wèn)卷調(diào)查，于答辯結(jié)束之后開(kāi)展了問(wèn)卷調(diào)查的數(shù)據(jù)收集和整理工作。發(fā)下問(wèn)卷調(diào)查80份，回收有效問(wèn)卷78份。本課題組成員針對(duì)問(wèn)卷調(diào)查中出現(xiàn)的問(wèn)題進(jìn)行了研討，并提出了改進(jìn)措施。具體措施如下：（1）加強(qiáng)學(xué)生對(duì)于畢業(yè)論文重要性的認(rèn)識(shí)；（2）加強(qiáng)指導(dǎo)教師與學(xué)生的溝通，將學(xué)生的興趣與教師的研究方向相統(tǒng)一；（3）增加指導(dǎo)教師修改論文次數(shù)；（4）適當(dāng)延長(zhǎng)論文撰寫(xiě)時(shí)間；（5）提高文獻(xiàn)查找能力；（6）加強(qiáng)培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的語(yǔ)言組織能力；（7）加強(qiáng)答辯過(guò)程的過(guò)程管理；（8）規(guī)范論文評(píng)定標(biāo)準(zhǔn)；（9）加強(qiáng)論文的質(zhì)量管理。本課題組成員一致在2013級(jí)的論文指導(dǎo)工作中堅(jiān)持這九項(xiàng)措施，在2013級(jí)的論文指導(dǎo)工作中嚴(yán)格要求。隨后本組成員收集各自指導(dǎo)論文的2013級(jí)學(xué)生共計(jì)80進(jìn)行了問(wèn)卷調(diào)查，發(fā)下問(wèn)卷調(diào)查80份，回收有效問(wèn)卷80份。隨后開(kāi)展了問(wèn)卷調(diào)查的數(shù)據(jù)收集和整理工作，分別形成了對(duì)照組和實(shí)驗(yàn)組。

3.問(wèn)卷調(diào)查結(jié)果和討論；經(jīng)過(guò)兩次的問(wèn)卷調(diào)查和統(tǒng)計(jì)，本組成員獲得了數(shù)據(jù)，并對(duì)此進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)分析，具體分析如下：

表1和表2收集的是論文撰寫(xiě)前學(xué)生準(zhǔn)備撰寫(xiě)論文的數(shù)據(jù)對(duì)比。表1數(shù)據(jù)表明，實(shí)驗(yàn)組較對(duì)照組對(duì)論文的重要性要明顯提高，這組數(shù)據(jù)說(shuō)明加強(qiáng)論文重要性教育是必要的，只有充分認(rèn)識(shí)到論文撰寫(xiě)的重要性才能調(diào)動(dòng)學(xué)生撰寫(xiě)論文的積極性和創(chuàng)造性。表2數(shù)據(jù)顯示出實(shí)驗(yàn)組比對(duì)照組在選題與教師一研究方向一致性有所提高，這也與本組指導(dǎo)教師在選題階段與學(xué)生加強(qiáng)溝通有直接的關(guān)系。說(shuō)明學(xué)生論文選題受指導(dǎo)教師影響較大。學(xué)生選題與教師的研究方向一致性的提高，也有利于教師發(fā)揮自身專L，利于論文指導(dǎo)工作的展開(kāi)。

表3至表6收集的是論文撰寫(xiě)過(guò)程中的撰寫(xiě)時(shí)間，修改次數(shù)以及學(xué)生存在主要的困難的數(shù)據(jù)對(duì)比。以上數(shù)據(jù)顯示實(shí)驗(yàn)組教師修改學(xué)生論文次數(shù)明顯高于實(shí)驗(yàn)組，這個(gè)結(jié)果在另外一項(xiàng)問(wèn)題（你對(duì)你的指導(dǎo)教師是否滿意）中也得到數(shù)據(jù)支持，學(xué)生對(duì)于教師的論文修改次數(shù)的提高有積極的評(píng)價(jià)。同時(shí)實(shí)驗(yàn)組比對(duì)照組撰寫(xiě)畢業(yè)論文時(shí)間普遍長(zhǎng)1到2周，該數(shù)據(jù)對(duì)比使老師在實(shí)驗(yàn)組加強(qiáng)論文指導(dǎo)和監(jiān)督的結(jié)果，同時(shí)也是實(shí)驗(yàn)組學(xué)生重視論文撰寫(xiě)的體現(xiàn)。對(duì)于學(xué)生論文撰寫(xiě)中出現(xiàn)的困難，表5體現(xiàn)的論文撰寫(xiě)中查找文獻(xiàn)途徑受限，該數(shù)據(jù)對(duì)比表明實(shí)驗(yàn)組的上網(wǎng)查閱文獻(xiàn)比例高于對(duì)照組，實(shí)驗(yàn)組中完全不查閱文獻(xiàn)的情況沒(méi)有出現(xiàn)。反映出本組指導(dǎo)教師在實(shí)驗(yàn)組學(xué)生中加強(qiáng)文獻(xiàn)檢索指導(dǎo)，學(xué)生網(wǎng)上檢索文獻(xiàn)的能力有所提高。另外表6中實(shí)驗(yàn)組和對(duì)照組在論文撰寫(xiě)中，語(yǔ)言組織一直是難點(diǎn)。不少學(xué)生習(xí)慣用翻譯軟件組織語(yǔ)言，致使全篇論文中式英語(yǔ)隨處可見(jiàn)。該數(shù)據(jù)說(shuō)明語(yǔ)言的積累并不是一蹴而就的，學(xué)生的語(yǔ)言基礎(chǔ)決定了學(xué)生的語(yǔ)言組織，與指導(dǎo)教師的指導(dǎo)并無(wú)直接關(guān)聯(lián)。

表6至表9收集的為論文撰寫(xiě)后學(xué)生對(duì)相關(guān)的評(píng)價(jià)數(shù)據(jù)對(duì)比。以上數(shù)據(jù)表明，實(shí)驗(yàn)組比對(duì)照組對(duì)答辯過(guò)程、論文評(píng)定和論文質(zhì)量管理方面的評(píng)價(jià)明顯提高，說(shuō)明本組指導(dǎo)教師對(duì)實(shí)驗(yàn)組的論文答辯、評(píng)定、管理三方面的改進(jìn)與優(yōu)化提高了學(xué)生對(duì)以上三項(xiàng)的結(jié)果評(píng)定。因此，規(guī)范論文考核、制定科學(xué)合理的畢業(yè)論文評(píng)價(jià)和管理體系對(duì)于提高畢業(yè)論文質(zhì)量有著積極的意義。

三、結(jié)論

通過(guò)對(duì)我院2012級(jí)和2013級(jí)畢業(yè)論文質(zhì)量管理分三個(gè)階段進(jìn)行實(shí)證研究和分析，表明提高論文質(zhì)量必須做到如下幾點(diǎn)：一是要加強(qiáng)學(xué)生對(duì)畢業(yè)論文的重視，需要通過(guò)各種形式的教育，使學(xué)生都能從思想上認(rèn)識(shí)到畢業(yè)論文的重要性。二是要充分發(fā)揮指導(dǎo)教師的指導(dǎo)作用，合理安排教師的工作量，保障教師的論文指導(dǎo)時(shí)間。三是管理層要加強(qiáng)畢業(yè)論文過(guò)程監(jiān)控，規(guī)范畢業(yè)論文評(píng)價(jià)和管理機(jī)制，從制度上保障畢業(yè)論文工作的開(kāi)展。問(wèn)卷調(diào)查法是本研究的主要方法，由于問(wèn)卷調(diào)查樣本不夠大，被調(diào)查者人數(shù)有限，一定程度上也影響了本研究的實(shí)證研究結(jié)果。

參考文獻(xiàn)：

[1]高等學(xué)校外語(yǔ)專業(yè)教學(xué)指導(dǎo)委員會(huì)英語(yǔ)組.高等學(xué)校英語(yǔ)專業(yè)英語(yǔ)教學(xué)大綱[M].北京：外語(yǔ)教學(xué)與研究出版社，2000.

[2]穆風(fēng)英.英語(yǔ)專業(yè)本科畢業(yè)論文的調(diào)查和與思考[J].徐州師范大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào)，2001（4）：138-142.

[3]楊宇紅.英語(yǔ)專業(yè)本科畢業(yè)論文的調(diào)查和反思[J].蘇州科技學(xué)院學(xué)報(bào)（社會(huì)科學(xué)版），2009（3）：108-112.

[4]張奕，王健.構(gòu)建多維化的英語(yǔ)專業(yè)本科畢業(yè)論文管理體系[J].中國(guó)高教研究，2005（9）：71-72.

篇6

一、 應(yīng)用型本科英語(yǔ)專業(yè)的培養(yǎng)目標(biāo)

在中華人民共和國(guó)教育部高教司2012年頒布的《普通高等學(xué)校本科專業(yè)目錄和專業(yè)介紹》 有關(guān)英語(yǔ)專業(yè)建設(shè)的規(guī)范中提到英語(yǔ)專業(yè)的培養(yǎng)目標(biāo)是：“培養(yǎng)具有扎實(shí)的英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言基礎(chǔ)和廣博的文化知識(shí)并能熟練地運(yùn)用英語(yǔ)在外事、教育、經(jīng)貿(mào)、文化、科技、軍事等部門從事翻譯、教學(xué)、管理、研究等工作的復(fù)合型英語(yǔ)人才?！币髮W(xué)生具備：“掌握運(yùn)用專業(yè)知識(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)、分析、解決問(wèn)題的綜合能力、創(chuàng)造性思維能力和科學(xué)研究能力”。在此基礎(chǔ)上，應(yīng)用型本科英語(yǔ)專業(yè)重點(diǎn)培養(yǎng)符合經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)發(fā)展對(duì)英語(yǔ)專業(yè)人才需要的應(yīng)用型人才，更加強(qiáng)調(diào)學(xué)生的實(shí)踐活動(dòng)，注重其應(yīng)用能力的培養(yǎng)。

二、 翻譯方向教學(xué)的特點(diǎn)

翻譯是一種認(rèn)知活動(dòng)、一種技巧、一種藝術(shù)，是一種專業(yè)的交流工具。（仲偉合，穆雷）不同于一般英語(yǔ)專業(yè)，翻譯方向教學(xué)具備以下幾個(gè)特點(diǎn)：

1.重視實(shí)踐教學(xué)。翻譯本身就是一個(gè)實(shí)踐過(guò)程，因此翻譯方向的教學(xué)非常重視實(shí)踐環(huán)節(jié)。開(kāi)設(shè)的課程緊密圍繞翻譯理論與實(shí)踐，結(jié)合各領(lǐng)域的專業(yè)知識(shí)，指導(dǎo)學(xué)生在實(shí)踐中學(xué)習(xí)、摸索、體會(huì)翻譯這個(gè)復(fù)雜的語(yǔ)言轉(zhuǎn)換過(guò)程。翻譯的技巧要在反復(fù)的實(shí)踐中才能得以掌握。

2.培養(yǎng)雙語(yǔ)運(yùn)用能力。英語(yǔ)翻譯涉及到英漢兩種語(yǔ)言的應(yīng)用與轉(zhuǎn)換，不同于普通英語(yǔ)專業(yè)主要注重英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言能力的培養(yǎng)，翻譯方向兼顧培養(yǎng)學(xué)生中英雙語(yǔ)的運(yùn)用能力。翻譯的藝術(shù)只有在具備熟練運(yùn)用雙語(yǔ)的條件下才能得以展現(xiàn)。

3.關(guān)注跨文化交際意識(shí)。翻譯是一個(gè)跨越不同文化，連接不同文明的交流工具，這就需要學(xué)生在實(shí)踐中提升跨文化交際意識(shí)，從文字中感受文化差異，并跨越語(yǔ)言和文化的障礙準(zhǔn)確有效地傳遞信息。

三、 傳統(tǒng)翻譯類學(xué)術(shù)論文的普遍問(wèn)題

從選題上來(lái)看，根據(jù)多位學(xué)者的調(diào)查統(tǒng)計(jì)，相較于文學(xué)或文化領(lǐng)域，英語(yǔ)專業(yè)的學(xué)生真正選擇翻譯理論研究方向的相對(duì)較少（張春芳，2009），這是因?yàn)榉g方向的參考資料相對(duì)來(lái)說(shuō)專業(yè)度高，抽象難懂，有的研究涉及大量的數(shù)據(jù)收集和統(tǒng)計(jì)，這些都使學(xué)生望而卻步。從形式上來(lái)看，英語(yǔ)專業(yè)傳統(tǒng)的畢業(yè)論文要求學(xué)生用全英文進(jìn)行撰寫(xiě)。這對(duì)于翻譯這一強(qiáng)調(diào)雙語(yǔ)運(yùn)用能力的領(lǐng)域來(lái)說(shuō)無(wú)異于“瘸腿跑”。這樣的形式使學(xué)生在畢業(yè)環(huán)節(jié)中更多的重視了英文表達(dá)能力，卻忽略了漢語(yǔ)表達(dá)能力的鍛煉。從效果上來(lái)看，目前本科生的論文普遍存在論文東拼西湊，質(zhì)量不佳，甚至在答辯時(shí)還不清楚基本概念，也講不清所涉及的基本理論的現(xiàn)象。這就是因?yàn)閷W(xué)生在撰寫(xiě)論文過(guò)程中沒(méi)有將理論與自己所經(jīng)歷的實(shí)踐活動(dòng)相結(jié)合，因此對(duì)于理論的理解也只停留在了表面文字上?；谝陨蟼鹘y(tǒng)畢業(yè)論文形式與應(yīng)用型本科英語(yǔ)專業(yè)翻譯方向培養(yǎng)目標(biāo)間出現(xiàn)的落差，對(duì)于傳統(tǒng)畢業(yè)論文進(jìn)行改革讓畢業(yè)論文形式多樣化，就顯得尤為重要。

四、 論文改革方式

畢業(yè)論文，是大學(xué)本科教學(xué)的最后一個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)，是對(duì)整個(gè)大學(xué)階段學(xué)習(xí)的回顧與總結(jié)，是學(xué)生綜合能力的體現(xiàn)。對(duì)于英語(yǔ)專業(yè)的學(xué)生來(lái)說(shuō)，論文寫(xiě)作更是語(yǔ)言的一次綜合性的訓(xùn)練，是學(xué)習(xí)深化與升華的重要過(guò)程。它既是學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)、研究與實(shí)踐的全面總結(jié)，又是對(duì)學(xué)生綜合素質(zhì)與實(shí)踐能力的一次全面檢驗(yàn)，翻譯作為一個(gè)實(shí)踐性很強(qiáng)的專業(yè)，畢業(yè)論文環(huán)節(jié)更應(yīng)該將訓(xùn)練重點(diǎn)放在實(shí)踐上，并且兼顧中英雙語(yǔ)表達(dá)能力的訓(xùn)練。切實(shí)貫徹教育部高教司提出的“培養(yǎng)學(xué)生掌握運(yùn)用專業(yè)知識(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)、分析、解決問(wèn)題的綜合能力”這一要求。設(shè)計(jì)出適合應(yīng)用型本科人才培養(yǎng)目標(biāo)和符合學(xué)生實(shí)際特點(diǎn)的畢業(yè)綜合訓(xùn)練模式。

參考MTI（英語(yǔ)專業(yè)碩士）的畢業(yè)環(huán)節(jié)設(shè)計(jì)，學(xué)生可以采取參與翻譯實(shí)踐并撰寫(xiě)翻譯實(shí)踐報(bào)告的方式完成畢業(yè)論文。學(xué)生在導(dǎo)師指導(dǎo)下選擇從未有過(guò)譯本的中外原文本進(jìn)行翻譯。出于對(duì)于學(xué)生雙語(yǔ)能力訓(xùn)練的考慮，原則上要求學(xué)生選擇與翻譯譯文相反的語(yǔ)言進(jìn)行實(shí)踐報(bào)告的撰寫(xiě)。如：

進(jìn)行漢譯英原文字?jǐn)?shù)不少于5000字漢語(yǔ)的翻譯實(shí)踐，并寫(xiě)出不少于3000字的漢語(yǔ)實(shí)踐報(bào)告；或英譯漢原文字?jǐn)?shù)不少于3500英文單詞的翻譯實(shí)踐，并寫(xiě)出不少于2000英文單詞的實(shí)踐報(bào)告。

所有翻譯活動(dòng)不拘泥于第四年完成，可累計(jì)完成。

基本步驟為：

1.學(xué)生自主聯(lián)系客戶或?qū)ふ曳弦蟮念}材確定翻譯內(nèi)容。通過(guò)此環(huán)節(jié)可以讓學(xué)生直接與翻譯市場(chǎng)接軌，了解行業(yè)需求，建立翻譯職業(yè)服務(wù)意識(shí)。

2.根據(jù)工作量組隊(duì)或獨(dú)自在指導(dǎo)教師的指導(dǎo)下完成翻譯任務(wù)。在應(yīng)用型本科培養(yǎng)方案中，學(xué)生是教學(xué)和實(shí)踐的主體，在此實(shí)踐活動(dòng)中充分調(diào)動(dòng)學(xué)生的參與積極性，培養(yǎng)其分工合作意識(shí)，以及獨(dú)立思考、分析問(wèn)題、解決問(wèn)題的能力。在此過(guò)程中教師指導(dǎo)學(xué)生如何查閱資料、借助各種翻譯輔助工具進(jìn)行翻譯，起到監(jiān)督、啟示、引導(dǎo)的作用。

3.組織校審并在規(guī)定時(shí)間內(nèi)提交譯文。經(jīng)過(guò)多輪校審學(xué)生要嚴(yán)格按照委托方的要求提交譯文。

4.對(duì)翻譯過(guò)程中遇到的典型案例進(jìn)行分類整理。學(xué)生完成翻譯任務(wù)之后要對(duì)所經(jīng)過(guò)的整個(gè)翻譯環(huán)節(jié)進(jìn)行系統(tǒng)的回顧，找出其中具有典型意義的案例進(jìn)行分類總結(jié)。不同于學(xué)術(shù)類傳統(tǒng)論文，要求學(xué)生從自己的實(shí)踐作品出發(fā)，用自己的實(shí)踐成果作為素材完成報(bào)告。這可以使學(xué)生更加細(xì)致地思考和整理翻譯流程中的具體環(huán)節(jié)，用審視的角度看待自己的翻譯作品。

5.根據(jù)所學(xué)相關(guān)翻譯理論知識(shí)與技巧對(duì)案例進(jìn)行細(xì)致分析。注重引導(dǎo)學(xué)生理論與實(shí)踐相結(jié)合，運(yùn)用理論解決實(shí)際工作中遇到的問(wèn)題。也可以使學(xué)生可以對(duì)課本上的理論知識(shí)有更深層次的理解。

6.提出解決問(wèn)題的方法和策略。從實(shí)踐中來(lái)再回到實(shí)踐中去，學(xué)生通過(guò)對(duì)實(shí)踐活動(dòng)的總結(jié)和思考，提出自己對(duì)特定問(wèn)題的觀點(diǎn)，以及針對(duì)翻譯過(guò)程中遇到的問(wèn)題和困難找出有效的解決方法和應(yīng)對(duì)策略，真正做的有所感悟、有所收獲。

論文評(píng)價(jià)方式為：

翻譯實(shí)踐報(bào)告從選題、工作量、結(jié)構(gòu)、案例分析、語(yǔ)言和譯文質(zhì)量等幾個(gè)方面進(jìn)行綜合考核。翻譯部分評(píng)分可以參照英語(yǔ)專業(yè)八級(jí)考試的評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，從忠實(shí)度和通順度兩方面對(duì)學(xué)生的翻譯作品進(jìn)行評(píng)價(jià)。

五、 總結(jié)

根據(jù)應(yīng)用型本科的培養(yǎng)目標(biāo)和翻譯方向的教學(xué)特點(diǎn)，提出英語(yǔ)專業(yè)翻譯方向畢業(yè)論文改革的方式，即學(xué)生參與翻譯實(shí)踐并撰寫(xiě)翻譯實(shí)踐報(bào)告的形式，譯文語(yǔ)言和實(shí)踐報(bào)告語(yǔ)言兼顧中英雙語(yǔ)。使學(xué)生在參與完整翻譯環(huán)節(jié)后，對(duì)整個(gè)實(shí)踐過(guò)程進(jìn)行反思，充分運(yùn)用其所學(xué)翻譯理論技巧、訓(xùn)練雙語(yǔ)表達(dá)能力、案例綜合分析能力和實(shí)際解決問(wèn)題的能力。從而真正實(shí)現(xiàn)培養(yǎng)應(yīng)用型人才的目標(biāo)。

參考文獻(xiàn)：

[1]中華人民共和國(guó)教育部高等教育司.《普通高等學(xué)校本科專業(yè)目錄和專業(yè)介紹》[M] 北京：高等教育出版社.2012.

[2]賈軍紅.英語(yǔ)專業(yè)本科畢業(yè)論文工作改革方案探索[J].宜賓學(xué)院學(xué)報(bào).2013.

[3]李淑敏，閔悅.應(yīng)用型本科教學(xué)體系初探[J].大家.2011.

[4]穆雷，鄒兵等.翻譯碩士專業(yè)學(xué)位論文參考模板探討[J].學(xué)位與研究生教育.2012.

篇7

畢業(yè)論文作為本科生在校期間最后一個(gè)綜合性的實(shí)踐教學(xué)環(huán)節(jié)，學(xué)時(shí)最長(zhǎng)，學(xué)分最大，在本科教學(xué)體系中占有十分重要的地位，也是衡量和檢驗(yàn)本科專業(yè)教學(xué)質(zhì)量的一個(gè)重要方面。通過(guò)畢業(yè)論文教學(xué)環(huán)節(jié)，可以有效加強(qiáng)和鞏固學(xué)生所學(xué)理論知識(shí)、實(shí)驗(yàn)技能和綜合素質(zhì)，使學(xué)生在文獻(xiàn)查閱、實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)手能力、獨(dú)立分析和解決問(wèn)題能力、創(chuàng)新能力等各方面都得到綜合的訓(xùn)練，同時(shí)還可以有效培養(yǎng)學(xué)生嚴(yán)肅認(rèn)真、嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)科學(xué)的研究和工作作風(fēng)。因此，畢業(yè)論文也被稱為學(xué)生從學(xué)校走向社會(huì)的“橋梁”。[1]

 

應(yīng)用化學(xué)作為一門介于理科和工科之間的應(yīng)用型的學(xué)科，在國(guó)內(nèi)多所高校均有開(kāi)設(shè)，并且本科階段各學(xué)?？筛鶕?jù)各自的實(shí)際情況決定授予理學(xué)或工學(xué)學(xué)士學(xué)位。石河子大學(xué)應(yīng)用化學(xué)專業(yè)于2002年開(kāi)始本科招生，授予工學(xué)學(xué)士，其目標(biāo)是培養(yǎng)應(yīng)用型的技術(shù)人才。本科畢業(yè)論文作為實(shí)現(xiàn)該目標(biāo)的一個(gè)重要環(huán)節(jié)，在我校一直非常重視。通常，畢業(yè)論文教學(xué)環(huán)節(jié)包括四個(gè)方面，論文選題、論文研究、論文評(píng)閱和論文答辯，四個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)互為條件、互相促進(jìn)，只有做好每一個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)，才能產(chǎn)生高質(zhì)量的優(yōu)秀論文。但在畢業(yè)論文實(shí)際開(kāi)展過(guò)程中，還較大程度存在學(xué)生認(rèn)識(shí)不到位和教師指導(dǎo)不到位等問(wèn)題，嚴(yán)重影響了學(xué)生本科畢業(yè)論文質(zhì)量。為了有效克服上述問(wèn)題，關(guān)鍵是要做好畢業(yè)論文的各環(huán)節(jié)的管理，筆者結(jié)合本校的畢業(yè)論文管理辦法及自身在畢業(yè)論文教學(xué)過(guò)程中的體會(huì)，就如何強(qiáng)化應(yīng)用化學(xué)專業(yè)畢業(yè)論文各環(huán)節(jié)管理提出個(gè)人觀點(diǎn)。

 

一、畢業(yè)論文前的準(zhǔn)備工作

 

1.科學(xué)上的繼承和借鑒、交流和綜合，主要通過(guò)文獻(xiàn)檢索來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)。有效地查閱科技文獻(xiàn)，可以減少重復(fù)勞動(dòng)，避免走彎路，吸取別人的經(jīng)驗(yàn)教訓(xùn)。[2] 但實(shí)際情況表明，本科生在文獻(xiàn)查閱方面的能力是非常欠缺的，僅局限在百度、Google等基本的搜索引擎，而對(duì)于專業(yè)知識(shí)、文獻(xiàn)的檢索知之甚少;同時(shí)缺乏對(duì)專業(yè)外文文獻(xiàn)的閱讀能力。針對(duì)這種問(wèn)題，我們?cè)诘诹鶎W(xué)期開(kāi)設(shè)了《專業(yè)英語(yǔ)》和在第七學(xué)期開(kāi)設(shè)了《信息檢索與利用》兩門課程。其中，《專業(yè)英語(yǔ)》課程，重點(diǎn)講授常見(jiàn)的有機(jī)化合物、無(wú)機(jī)化合物、高分子化合物等的命名，外文科技文獻(xiàn)的組成及書(shū)寫(xiě)規(guī)則，外文科技文獻(xiàn)的閱讀技巧等。而《信息檢索與利用》課程，則講授文獻(xiàn)檢索的傳統(tǒng)方法、光盤(pán)數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)和網(wǎng)絡(luò)數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)的檢索，重點(diǎn)講授網(wǎng)絡(luò)數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)的查詢及使用，如中國(guó)知網(wǎng)、萬(wàn)方數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)、SciFinder Scholar，Web of Science等。通過(guò)這些課程的開(kāi)設(shè)，提高了學(xué)生對(duì)專業(yè)英語(yǔ)文獻(xiàn)的閱讀能力和文獻(xiàn)檢索能力，從而使得學(xué)生在本科論文的文獻(xiàn)查閱、方案設(shè)計(jì)、論文撰寫(xiě)等方面起到了非常積極的幫助。

 

2.興趣是最好的老師，要使學(xué)生能夠全身心的投入本科論文，興趣和熱情是非常重要的一個(gè)因素。為了使學(xué)生找到自己感興趣的老師和做感興趣的課題，我們會(huì)在學(xué)生選擇指導(dǎo)教師之前召開(kāi)本科論文動(dòng)員大會(huì)，其中重要的一點(diǎn)就是詳細(xì)介紹我院能帶本科論文老師的具體研究方向和研究課題。這樣學(xué)生可以根據(jù)指導(dǎo)老師的研究方向和課題，按自己的興趣自行選擇論文指導(dǎo)教師，確定自己論文的研究?jī)?nèi)容。同時(shí)我們打破了教學(xué)系的壁壘，允許學(xué)生在全院不同教學(xué)系中自由選擇指導(dǎo)教師。從近幾年的實(shí)際結(jié)果來(lái)看，這種舉措是值得肯定的，學(xué)生反應(yīng)較好，論文質(zhì)量也有明顯提高。

 

3.指導(dǎo)教師在學(xué)生畢業(yè)論文的過(guò)程起著非常重要的作用，他對(duì)畢業(yè)論文重要性的認(rèn)識(shí)程度直接影響著畢業(yè)論文質(zhì)量的高低，因此，對(duì)于指導(dǎo)教師的選拔顯得尤為重要。一直以來(lái)，我院的本科畢業(yè)論文指導(dǎo)老師均來(lái)自教學(xué)科研一線，具有較強(qiáng)的責(zé)任心和較高的學(xué)術(shù)水平，實(shí)驗(yàn)員一般不擔(dān)任指導(dǎo)教師。為了保證指導(dǎo)教師有足夠的時(shí)間來(lái)指導(dǎo)學(xué)生開(kāi)展本科畢業(yè)論文工作，學(xué)院明確規(guī)定了老師所指導(dǎo)學(xué)生數(shù)不超過(guò)8人。同時(shí)，為了保證論文的順利實(shí)施，科研項(xiàng)目多、研究生多的教師可多帶些，而科研經(jīng)費(fèi)較少的老師所帶的學(xué)生則相應(yīng)減少。另一方面，為了增強(qiáng)指導(dǎo)教師的責(zé)任意識(shí)，我院把指導(dǎo)畢業(yè)論文的能力和質(zhì)量作為評(píng)價(jià)教師的重要指標(biāo)之一，對(duì)畢業(yè)論文工作中成績(jī)突出的指導(dǎo)教師予以表彰，對(duì)優(yōu)秀的畢業(yè)論文給予資金支持，并發(fā)放一定的畢業(yè)論文指導(dǎo)績(jī)效津貼。

 

二、畢業(yè)論文中的過(guò)程管理工作

 

過(guò)程管理強(qiáng)調(diào)的是全程的整體把握以及對(duì)過(guò)程關(guān)鍵點(diǎn)的監(jiān)督，其宗旨是“抓大放小、靈活彈性”。[3] 加強(qiáng)對(duì)畢業(yè)論文的過(guò)程管理工作，使畢業(yè)論文制度化和規(guī)范化，可有效提高畢業(yè)論文的質(zhì)量。首先，在畢業(yè)論文的組織管理方面，我院成立了以教學(xué)副院長(zhǎng)為首的本科教學(xué)指導(dǎo)委員會(huì)，教科辦、學(xué)辦、各系協(xié)調(diào)配合、組織實(shí)施。其次，對(duì)畢業(yè)論文的重點(diǎn)環(huán)節(jié)，如論文選題、開(kāi)題、中期檢查、答辯等，學(xué)院加強(qiáng)監(jiān)督和督導(dǎo)，確保開(kāi)題論證到位、教師指導(dǎo)到位、研究過(guò)程到位、質(zhì)量控制到位。以檢查促效果，以指導(dǎo)出成績(jī)，以考核出成效。在約束學(xué)生對(duì)畢業(yè)論文時(shí)間投入和精力投入的同時(shí)，督查指導(dǎo)教師的時(shí)間和精力的投入，確保老師認(rèn)真指導(dǎo)，學(xué)生認(rèn)真完成畢業(yè)論文。[4] 同時(shí)在各個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)，學(xué)校也會(huì)組織督導(dǎo)抽查、督促和指導(dǎo)。再次，學(xué)院統(tǒng)一印制論文實(shí)驗(yàn)記錄本，規(guī)范開(kāi)題報(bào)告、最終論文等文件的格式，做到論文的統(tǒng)一和規(guī)范化。學(xué)院還在院內(nèi)統(tǒng)一協(xié)調(diào)學(xué)生實(shí)驗(yàn)儀器、實(shí)驗(yàn)場(chǎng)所，以及院內(nèi)大型表征儀器的使用等，為本科論文的順利開(kāi)展提供條件保障和技術(shù)支持。

 

三、畢業(yè)論文后的評(píng)價(jià)工作

 

畢業(yè)論文是學(xué)生離校前的最后一次總結(jié)性的、綜合性的、獨(dú)立完成的作業(yè)，歷時(shí)一個(gè)學(xué)期的辛苦努力，最終的成績(jī)不管對(duì)學(xué)生還是老師都非?？粗氐?。因此，科學(xué)化和規(guī)范化的成績(jī)?cè)u(píng)定體系非常重要。我院的學(xué)生論文成績(jī)一般是按照導(dǎo)師給出的成績(jī)、評(píng)閱人成績(jī)和答辯成績(jī)按40%、20%和40%的權(quán)重確定最終成績(jī)。在各部分的成績(jī)?cè)u(píng)定時(shí)，均給出相應(yīng)的評(píng)定依據(jù)和評(píng)定標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，盡量保證成績(jī)的公平和公正。另外，為了保證論文的嚴(yán)肅性，杜絕教師個(gè)人及相互之間的感情因素，學(xué)院還確立了專家復(fù)審制度，對(duì)于評(píng)定為不及格和校級(jí)優(yōu)秀論文進(jìn)行100%復(fù)審，而對(duì)于其他的則采取抽查的方式統(tǒng)一進(jìn)行復(fù)審，以規(guī)范論文的質(zhì)量及成績(jī)?cè)u(píng)定。對(duì)于與評(píng)定級(jí)別不符的論文通過(guò)專家組的復(fù)審，進(jìn)行成績(jī)的更改，通報(bào)相關(guān)指導(dǎo)教師和學(xué)生，并作出相應(yīng)的處罰等。

 

四、 結(jié)語(yǔ)

 

篇8

中圖分類號(hào)：G642.477 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼：A 文章編號(hào)：1674-9324（2015）20-0085-02

一、高校英語(yǔ)專業(yè)畢業(yè)論文困境分析

本科生畢業(yè)論文寫(xiě)作是訓(xùn)練和培養(yǎng)本科生科研素質(zhì)的重要教學(xué)實(shí)踐環(huán)節(jié)。然而，當(dāng)前我國(guó)許多高校英語(yǔ)專業(yè)畢業(yè)論文寫(xiě)作存在抄襲現(xiàn)象嚴(yán)重、同質(zhì)化現(xiàn)象普遍、寫(xiě)作不規(guī)范、選題陳舊、立意不清、質(zhì)量低下等諸多問(wèn)題。筆者通過(guò)廣泛地調(diào)研和多年的畢業(yè)論文指導(dǎo)教學(xué)經(jīng)驗(yàn)，總結(jié)出造成畢業(yè)論文工作問(wèn)題重重的原因主要包括以下三個(gè)方面：（1）高校本科生畢業(yè)論文工作一般都安排在大三下至大四畢業(yè)的三個(gè)學(xué)期開(kāi)展，學(xué)生撰寫(xiě)畢業(yè)論文的時(shí)間正是用人單位招聘和學(xué)生復(fù)習(xí)考研的高峰期。大多數(shù)學(xué)生由于不得不投入大量精力用于找工作和復(fù)習(xí)備考，因此客觀上造成他們沒(méi)有太多精力去顧及畢業(yè)論文的選題和寫(xiě)作，對(duì)畢業(yè)論文質(zhì)量的重視程度不夠。（2）許多高校鮮有專門針對(duì)本科生科研素質(zhì)培養(yǎng)以及指導(dǎo)學(xué)生寫(xiě)作專業(yè)論文的課程。本科生在進(jìn)行畢業(yè)論文寫(xiě)作時(shí)，由于沒(méi)有經(jīng)過(guò)專業(yè)素養(yǎng)的培訓(xùn)和練習(xí)，從而缺乏必要的文獻(xiàn)檢索能力和學(xué)術(shù)規(guī)范意識(shí)，在一定程度上也影響了畢業(yè)論文質(zhì)量的提高。（3）學(xué)生和畢業(yè)論文指導(dǎo)老師的初次接觸大多始于大三下學(xué)期的畢業(yè)論文選題階段，彼此間在還不夠深入、全面了解的情況下就直接進(jìn)入了論文選題和撰寫(xiě)環(huán)節(jié)，缺乏了必要的磨合和適應(yīng)環(huán)節(jié)，也為后期指導(dǎo)過(guò)程中教師無(wú)法高效并因材施教地給學(xué)生提供論文寫(xiě)作指導(dǎo)埋下隱患。

畢業(yè)論文寫(xiě)作教學(xué)的重要性和畢業(yè)論文現(xiàn)狀的不近人意兩者間日漸彰顯的矛盾張力凸顯了當(dāng)前急需改進(jìn)英語(yǔ)專業(yè)本科畢業(yè)論文指導(dǎo)工作的緊迫性。本文倡導(dǎo)將本科生導(dǎo)師制引入至英語(yǔ)專業(yè)本科生畢業(yè)論文指導(dǎo)當(dāng)中，讓本科生導(dǎo)師兼任論文指導(dǎo)教師的職責(zé)，以期為解決當(dāng)前國(guó)內(nèi)高校英語(yǔ)專業(yè)畢業(yè)論文指導(dǎo)中的教學(xué)困境、提高論文指導(dǎo)成效和提升學(xué)生綜合科研素質(zhì)尋找出路。

二、本科生導(dǎo)師制與英專畢業(yè)論文指導(dǎo)研究概述

導(dǎo)師制是書(shū)院教育的精髓，其核心理念是因材施教和個(gè)性化培養(yǎng)，一直以來(lái)都是歐美諸多一流大學(xué)培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的重要教育形式。導(dǎo)師制最早源于14世紀(jì)英國(guó)牛津大學(xué)，被譽(yù)為“牛津皇冠上的寶石”。本科生導(dǎo)師制指在本科教育階段引入導(dǎo)師制，聘請(qǐng)有經(jīng)驗(yàn)的專業(yè)教師在大學(xué)四年的教學(xué)過(guò)程中對(duì)學(xué)生進(jìn)行思想引導(dǎo)、專業(yè)輔導(dǎo)和心理疏導(dǎo)，從而促使教學(xué)與教育結(jié)合、教育與管理掛鉤，實(shí)現(xiàn)教書(shū)和育人的有機(jī)結(jié)合。本科生導(dǎo)師制以促進(jìn)“人的全面發(fā)展”為核心理念，遵循“因材施教”的教育規(guī)律，將單純的教學(xué)活動(dòng)提升到教育的高度，這是開(kāi)展素質(zhì)教育的新途徑。在本科生導(dǎo)師制的實(shí)施過(guò)程中，導(dǎo)師需對(duì)學(xué)生實(shí)施教學(xué)和思想的教導(dǎo)、學(xué)習(xí)方法與技巧的引導(dǎo)，并對(duì)學(xué)生的疑問(wèn)提供解答。我國(guó)自20世紀(jì)90年代開(kāi)始在高等教育本科教學(xué)階段逐漸引入本科生導(dǎo)師制。當(dāng)時(shí)以北京大學(xué)、浙江大學(xué)為代表的一大批高校曾在部分院系中嘗試本科生導(dǎo)師制并由此掀起研究熱潮。但是隨后由于高校擴(kuò)招和師生比的不斷攀升，本科生導(dǎo)師制漸漸陷入困境，與此相關(guān)的研究也停滯不前。筆者通過(guò)中國(guó)知網(wǎng)在線搜索發(fā)現(xiàn)，國(guó)內(nèi)人文科學(xué)類別下以“本科生導(dǎo)師制”為主題的學(xué)術(shù)論文始自2004年至今總數(shù)僅16篇。這些研究多是對(duì)本科生導(dǎo)師制內(nèi)涵、推廣意義和實(shí)施措施的理論性討論（孟憲軍，2004;靖國(guó)安，2005;姜暉，2011;周志高，2012），教學(xué)實(shí)踐性研究還十分欠缺。

關(guān)于英語(yǔ)專業(yè)畢業(yè)論文指導(dǎo)的研究現(xiàn)狀，目前國(guó)內(nèi)相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)不僅數(shù)量較缺乏，而且該領(lǐng)域研究還存在研究?jī)?nèi)容比較分散、研究方法較為單一的問(wèn)題。通過(guò)梳理和查閱中國(guó)知網(wǎng)、萬(wàn)方、維普等數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)，我們發(fā)現(xiàn)現(xiàn)有英語(yǔ)專業(yè)畢業(yè)論文方面的文獻(xiàn)內(nèi)容涉及的有：關(guān)于指導(dǎo)對(duì)策（王秋華，2002）、寫(xiě)作方法（翟忠和，2000;宋飛，2001;尤肖南，2004）和引文規(guī)范的（鐘偉珍、黃國(guó)文，1999;劉新民，2001），有針對(duì)管理、評(píng)估或?qū)懽鹘虒W(xué)具體環(huán)節(jié)作較深入論述的（李家云，1999;余曼筠，2001;黃小蘋(píng)，2002;李萍，2003），還有調(diào)查現(xiàn)狀的研究報(bào)告（穆鳳英，2001;王崇義，2004;楊宇紅，2009;張春芳，2011）。然而針對(duì)畢業(yè)論文指導(dǎo)的教學(xué)環(huán)節(jié)探究卻很少。其中從本科生導(dǎo)師制視角探究畢業(yè)論文指導(dǎo)的研究論文更是鳳毛麟角，僅2篇（劉洪泉，2005;王娟，2007）。正是在這樣的.研究背景下，我們?cè)噲D在本文中通過(guò)教學(xué)實(shí)踐的方式探究本科生導(dǎo)師制在本科生畢業(yè)論文指導(dǎo)環(huán)節(jié)中的應(yīng)用價(jià)值。

三、本科生導(dǎo)師介入下的英專畢業(yè)論文指導(dǎo)模式探究

1.模式設(shè)計(jì)和內(nèi)容。本科生導(dǎo)師制作p為輔導(dǎo)員和專業(yè)課任課教師工作的延伸和拓展，重視師生間的人際互動(dòng)，體現(xiàn)出對(duì)學(xué)生的人文關(guān)懷，注重挖掘?qū)W生獨(dú)立性和創(chuàng)造性的教育理念，注重對(duì)學(xué)生實(shí)施“個(gè)性化培養(yǎng)”，是培養(yǎng)復(fù)合型人才的有效途徑。在本科生四年的大學(xué)生涯里，導(dǎo)師通過(guò)跟蹤式的指導(dǎo)方式對(duì)學(xué)生進(jìn)行學(xué)業(yè)、生活和思想等方面的引導(dǎo)，密切了教與學(xué)之間的關(guān)系，體現(xiàn)了對(duì)大學(xué)生全面發(fā)展和終身學(xué)習(xí)的極大關(guān)懷。將本科生導(dǎo)師制融入到英語(yǔ)專業(yè)畢業(yè)論文指導(dǎo)中，讓本科生導(dǎo)師兼任論文指導(dǎo)教師的職責(zé)，使得對(duì)學(xué)生畢業(yè)論文的寫(xiě)作指導(dǎo)成為本科生導(dǎo)師四年導(dǎo)師生涯中的一個(gè)自然終結(jié)環(huán)節(jié)，對(duì)提高論文指導(dǎo)成效和提升學(xué)生綜合素質(zhì)有極為重要的實(shí)踐應(yīng)用價(jià)值。在具體的教學(xué)模式實(shí)施環(huán)節(jié)里，我們擬通過(guò)本科生導(dǎo)師介入式的英專畢業(yè)論文指導(dǎo)實(shí)踐達(dá)到如下教學(xué)目標(biāo)：（1）喚醒學(xué)生對(duì)畢業(yè)論文寫(xiě)作的元認(rèn)知意識(shí)，激發(fā)其論文寫(xiě)作的主觀能動(dòng)性;（2）根據(jù)學(xué)生特長(zhǎng)、知識(shí)面和發(fā)展需求，引導(dǎo)學(xué)生將論文選題和自身職業(yè)發(fā)展相結(jié)合，增強(qiáng)其創(chuàng)新意識(shí)和自主學(xué)習(xí)能力;（3）通過(guò)分步驟、有側(cè)重的教學(xué)實(shí)踐，加深師生間的交流和互動(dòng)，保障學(xué)生畢業(yè)論文寫(xiě)作時(shí)間和提高論文的總體質(zhì)量;（4）通過(guò)個(gè)性化指導(dǎo)，鍛煉和提高學(xué)生的學(xué)術(shù)規(guī)范性、創(chuàng)新意識(shí)和思辨能力。

2.模式的教學(xué)價(jià)值?，F(xiàn)有本科英語(yǔ)專業(yè)畢業(yè)論文指導(dǎo)因教學(xué)和實(shí)踐時(shí)間過(guò)短、學(xué)生對(duì)科學(xué)研究認(rèn)知不足、論文指導(dǎo)教師和學(xué)生間了解不夠等諸多弊病的影響，存在優(yōu)質(zhì)論文“難產(chǎn)”、學(xué)生科研動(dòng)手能力和創(chuàng)新思辨能力難以得到實(shí)質(zhì)性提高等問(wèn)題。上述本科生導(dǎo)師參與畢業(yè)論文指導(dǎo)的應(yīng)用模式可為解決上述教學(xué)問(wèn)題提供實(shí)踐策略，具體表現(xiàn)在以下四個(gè)方面：（1）導(dǎo)師能創(chuàng)造機(jī)會(huì)讓學(xué)生提早體驗(yàn)科研實(shí)踐和畢業(yè)論文寫(xiě)作，增強(qiáng)其對(duì)學(xué)術(shù)研究的認(rèn)知并為其畢業(yè)論文的寫(xiě)作爭(zhēng)取更多的實(shí)踐時(shí)間;（2）導(dǎo)師和學(xué)生間的人際互動(dòng)，保障了導(dǎo)師對(duì)學(xué)生的全面了解和論文指導(dǎo)的針對(duì)性;（3）導(dǎo)師采用個(gè)性化培養(yǎng)方式，引導(dǎo)學(xué)生將畢業(yè)論文選題和其今后職業(yè)發(fā)展相結(jié)合，可增強(qiáng)其創(chuàng)業(yè)創(chuàng)新意識(shí)和自主學(xué)習(xí)能力;（4）導(dǎo)師分步驟、有側(cè)重地因材施教，可在保障學(xué)生論文質(zhì)量的同時(shí)，加強(qiáng)其學(xué)術(shù)規(guī)范性，提高其創(chuàng)新思維和科研實(shí)踐能力。進(jìn)一步概括即為，英語(yǔ)專業(yè)學(xué)生在本科學(xué)習(xí)階段，畢業(yè)論文的撰寫(xiě)采用本科生導(dǎo)師制兼任論文指導(dǎo)教師的思路，這是緩解當(dāng)前畢業(yè)論文質(zhì)量普遍偏低、學(xué)生學(xué)術(shù)意識(shí)不強(qiáng)、論文指導(dǎo)教學(xué)效率不高等教學(xué)瓶頸問(wèn)題的一劑良藥。

四、結(jié)語(yǔ)

本科生導(dǎo)師兼任畢業(yè)論文指導(dǎo)教學(xué)工作可優(yōu)化師資配置，在保證對(duì)學(xué)生實(shí)行個(gè)性化指導(dǎo)提高其論文寫(xiě)作質(zhì)量的同時(shí)，還能因材施教地提升學(xué)生的科研素養(yǎng)及他們的創(chuàng)新和思辨能力。筆者認(rèn)為本科生導(dǎo)師制是近年來(lái)高校教書(shū)育人工作正在探索實(shí)踐的一項(xiàng)制度創(chuàng)新，將其應(yīng)用于英語(yǔ)專業(yè)高年級(jí)畢業(yè)論文教學(xué)研究還處于嘗試和建構(gòu)階段，亟待教學(xué)實(shí)踐的檢驗(yàn)和完善。筆者也希望后續(xù)能有更多的項(xiàng)目采用問(wèn)卷調(diào)查、教學(xué)實(shí)踐等多元研究方法，運(yùn)用定性和定量數(shù)據(jù)，對(duì)本科生導(dǎo)師制在畢業(yè)論文教學(xué)中的應(yīng)用效果展開(kāi)綜合性研究，推動(dòng)本領(lǐng)域?qū)嵺`性研究的進(jìn)一步發(fā)展。

參考文獻(xiàn)：

[1]姜暉，孫永君.高校英語(yǔ)專業(yè)導(dǎo)師制模式構(gòu)建與探究[J].長(zhǎng)春大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào)，2011，（12）：155-157.

[2]孟憲軍.關(guān)于實(shí)施本科生導(dǎo)師制之理論探究[J].黑龍江高教研究，2004，（3）：68-70.

[3]穆鳳英.英語(yǔ)專業(yè)本科生畢業(yè)論文的調(diào)查與思考[J].徐州師范大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào)，2001，（4）：138-142.

[4]孫文抗.英語(yǔ)專業(yè)學(xué)士論文寫(xiě)作現(xiàn)狀分析[J].外語(yǔ)界，2004，（3）：59-64.

篇9

關(guān)鍵詞：應(yīng)用型本科 畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計(jì)） 有效實(shí)施模式

一、引言

應(yīng)用型本科是在高等教育大眾化的背景下提出的，重在“應(yīng)用”二字，要求各專業(yè)緊密結(jié)合地方特色，注重學(xué)生實(shí)踐能力，培養(yǎng)應(yīng)用型人才。畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計(jì)）是普通高校本科教育的重要教學(xué)環(huán)節(jié)，旨在培養(yǎng)學(xué)生系統(tǒng)、綜合地運(yùn)用所學(xué)知識(shí)，加強(qiáng)專業(yè)實(shí)踐，增強(qiáng)科學(xué)研究能力，提高創(chuàng)新意識(shí)，對(duì)于以培養(yǎng)應(yīng)用型人才的應(yīng)用型本科院校來(lái)說(shuō)更是具有重要意義。本文對(duì)應(yīng)用型本科畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計(jì)）現(xiàn)存的問(wèn)題進(jìn)行了分析，提出了應(yīng)用型本科畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計(jì)）的有效實(shí)施模式，并探討了如何有效保障畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計(jì)）的進(jìn)行。

二、應(yīng)用型本科畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計(jì)）存在的問(wèn)題

1、指導(dǎo)教師的因素

隨著近幾年高校的擴(kuò)招，許多本科院校招生規(guī)模不斷擴(kuò)大，同時(shí)教學(xué)條件和師資力量一時(shí)難以跟上，指導(dǎo)老師教學(xué)任務(wù)十分繁重，或者是從思想上沒(méi)有對(duì)畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計(jì)）進(jìn)行重視，因此對(duì)畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計(jì)）投入精力不足。

2、部分學(xué)生對(duì)畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計(jì)）的重要性認(rèn)識(shí)不足

畢業(yè)一般安排在第八學(xué)期，正是學(xué)生選擇就業(yè)，找工作的重要時(shí)期。對(duì)于學(xué)校和學(xué)生就業(yè)壓力巨大的今天，選擇理想就業(yè)更為重要，即學(xué)生的就業(yè)與學(xué)習(xí)矛盾突出。由于畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)對(duì)學(xué)生找工作沒(méi)有直接影響，故部分學(xué)生采取了消極應(yīng)付的態(tài)度，相當(dāng)程度上影響了畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計(jì)）的質(zhì)量。

3、教學(xué)資源不充分

隨著各高校不斷擴(kuò)招，學(xué)生人數(shù)不斷增加，而教學(xué)設(shè)備的投入相對(duì)滯后，已經(jīng)不能滿足教學(xué)的需要。學(xué)生在查閱文獻(xiàn)資料等方面得不到滿足，客觀上形成了畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計(jì)）工作的瓶頸。大學(xué)城一般遠(yuǎn)離城區(qū)，尤其像我們安徽三聯(lián)學(xué)院，由于遠(yuǎn)離市中心，教師去學(xué)校的次數(shù)較少，導(dǎo)致學(xué)生難以及時(shí)與老師見(jiàn)面，指導(dǎo)時(shí)間難以得到保障。

4、管理保障缺乏力度

盡管目前大部分學(xué)校都有針對(duì)畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)指定的規(guī)章制度和條例，但在執(zhí)行中不嚴(yán)格，不規(guī)范，學(xué)校缺乏對(duì)畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)全過(guò)程的有效監(jiān)控，缺乏對(duì)教師真正有效的監(jiān)督機(jī)制和獎(jiǎng)懲措施，在評(píng)閱和答辯過(guò)程中，老師有時(shí)為了不影響學(xué)生就業(yè)，出現(xiàn)了對(duì)學(xué)生放松要求，流于形式，對(duì)一些不符合要求的畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)往往采取遷就，寬容的態(tài)度。

三、畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計(jì)）的有效實(shí)施模式

應(yīng)用型本科畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計(jì)）的實(shí)施模式分為確定選題、制定任務(wù)書(shū)、開(kāi)展開(kāi)題報(bào)告、進(jìn)行中期檢查、評(píng)閱和答辯和工作總結(jié)6個(gè)方面。具體如下：

1、確定選題

（1）畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計(jì)）指導(dǎo)教師申報(bào)研究題目及研究?jī)?nèi)容；

（2）畢業(yè)論文指導(dǎo)小組審閱研究題目及研究?jī)?nèi)容；

（3）公布畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計(jì)）選題和指導(dǎo)老師；

（4）召開(kāi)雙向選擇會(huì)，確定師生的對(duì)應(yīng)關(guān)系，確定學(xué)生選題。

2、制定任務(wù)書(shū)

任務(wù)書(shū)應(yīng)該由指導(dǎo)老師和學(xué)生共同完成。主要包括論文（設(shè)計(jì)）的主要任務(wù)及目標(biāo)，論文（設(shè)計(jì)）的主要內(nèi)容，論文（設(shè)計(jì)）的基本要求，主要參考文獻(xiàn)和進(jìn)度安排等。

3、開(kāi)展開(kāi)題報(bào)告

開(kāi)題報(bào)告由學(xué)生完成，分別由指導(dǎo)老師和論文（設(shè)計(jì)）指導(dǎo)小組審閱，內(nèi)容主要包括論題的意義及研究狀況，主要內(nèi)容、研究方法和思路，查閱過(guò)的文獻(xiàn)資料及調(diào)研情況，總體安排和進(jìn)度（包括階段性工作內(nèi)容及完成日期）。

4、進(jìn)行中期檢查

中期檢查由學(xué)生匯報(bào)，由指導(dǎo)老師和畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計(jì)）指導(dǎo)小組檢查。主要包括工作進(jìn)度，遇到的問(wèn)題，下一步的工作方法和思路等等。

5、評(píng)閱和答辯

由評(píng)閱，PPT演示和答辯三個(gè)部分組成。論文由指導(dǎo)老師和畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計(jì)）指導(dǎo)小組評(píng)閱；PPT演示由學(xué)生進(jìn)行演示；答辯由答辯小組進(jìn)行答辯。畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計(jì)）成績(jī)采用五級(jí)記分制即優(yōu)秀，良好，中等，及格，不及格。指導(dǎo)老師初步評(píng)定成績(jī)，寫(xiě)出評(píng)語(yǔ)，經(jīng)答辯后由答辯小組或畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計(jì)）指導(dǎo)小組審定成績(jī)。

6、工作總結(jié)

包括兩個(gè)方面，一是指導(dǎo)老師對(duì)畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計(jì)）的過(guò)程及論文撰寫(xiě)的要點(diǎn)進(jìn)行總結(jié)，然后選擇成績(jī)優(yōu)秀的同學(xué)在課堂上演示，以激勵(lì)其他同學(xué)；二是進(jìn)行畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計(jì)）工作的總結(jié)，完成畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計(jì)）資料歸檔。

四、畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計(jì)）的有效保障

要使畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計(jì)）模式有效實(shí)施，畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計(jì)）工作有序進(jìn)行，還需要相應(yīng)的保障條件。筆者認(rèn)為以下四個(gè)方面是必不可少的。

1、制度和質(zhì)量管理

包括兩個(gè)方面，一是加強(qiáng)制度建設(shè)，通過(guò)相應(yīng)的管理文件，對(duì)畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計(jì)）的選題，指導(dǎo)教師的職責(zé)，答辯成績(jī)的評(píng)定等環(huán)節(jié)規(guī)范化，統(tǒng)一畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計(jì)）格式要求；二是強(qiáng)化過(guò)程管理，構(gòu)建畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計(jì)）質(zhì)量監(jiān)控體系，成立學(xué)校、二級(jí)學(xué)院（系）和教研室三級(jí)機(jī)構(gòu)，對(duì)畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計(jì)）的各個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)的執(zhí)行進(jìn)行檢查，實(shí)行全過(guò)程，全方位的質(zhì)量監(jiān)控。

2、強(qiáng)化指導(dǎo)老師能力

包括兩個(gè)方面，一是指導(dǎo)老師本身要嚴(yán)格按照管理文件規(guī)定履行職務(wù)。包括文獻(xiàn)（資料）檢索方法的培訓(xùn)和指導(dǎo)、畢業(yè)論文撰寫(xiě)的培訓(xùn)和指導(dǎo)、畢業(yè)答辯的培訓(xùn)和指導(dǎo)等。二是學(xué)校要加強(qiáng)教師能力的培養(yǎng)，鼓勵(lì)教師參加科研和實(shí)踐活動(dòng)，不斷增強(qiáng)畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計(jì)）的指導(dǎo)水平。

3、改變學(xué)生觀點(diǎn)

一方面要改變學(xué)生對(duì)畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計(jì)）不重視或認(rèn)識(shí)不夠的意識(shí)。通過(guò)畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計(jì)）加強(qiáng)對(duì)學(xué)生實(shí)踐能力，創(chuàng)新能力和應(yīng)用型能力的培養(yǎng)。另一方面畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計(jì)）要做到早布置，早準(zhǔn)備。在上屆學(xué)生的答辯的時(shí)候，組織學(xué)生去聽(tīng)答辯，再者是讓優(yōu)秀學(xué)生給下屆學(xué)生講寫(xiě)畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計(jì)）的過(guò)程和體會(huì)。

4、論文所需經(jīng)費(fèi)

給予畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計(jì)）一定的經(jīng)費(fèi)。這包括指導(dǎo)老師指導(dǎo)學(xué)生的課酬，畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計(jì)）復(fù)印等各項(xiàng)工作的支出。除了學(xué)校擔(dān)負(fù)一部分經(jīng)費(fèi)外，還可以爭(zhēng)取企業(yè)，事業(yè)和政府的經(jīng)費(fèi)支持。

五、結(jié)論

本科畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計(jì)）工作是培養(yǎng)學(xué)生運(yùn)用所學(xué)的基本理論、基本知識(shí)和基本技能分析解決實(shí)際問(wèn)題能力、獨(dú)立工作能力、增強(qiáng)創(chuàng)新意識(shí)的重要途徑。對(duì)于以培養(yǎng)應(yīng)用型人才的應(yīng)用型本科院校來(lái)說(shuō)更是具有重要意義。本文針對(duì)畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計(jì)）現(xiàn)存的問(wèn)題進(jìn)行分析，提出了應(yīng)用型本科畢業(yè)論文（設(shè)計(jì)）的有效實(shí)施模式，即確定選題，制定任務(wù)書(shū)，開(kāi)展開(kāi)題報(bào)告，進(jìn)行中期檢查，評(píng)閱和答辯以及工作總結(jié)六個(gè)方面。同時(shí)從制度和質(zhì)量管理、強(qiáng)化指導(dǎo)老師能力、改變學(xué)生認(rèn)識(shí)、論文所需經(jīng)費(fèi)四個(gè)方面探討了如何有效保障論文（設(shè)計(jì)）的進(jìn)行。

基金項(xiàng)目：安徽三聯(lián)學(xué)院2011年度院級(jí)科研基金項(xiàng)目。項(xiàng)目編號(hào)：20110024。

參考文獻(xiàn)：

[1]陸富彬．對(duì)教學(xué)應(yīng)用型高校本科生畢業(yè)論文工作的思考[J]．高教研究文教資料，2006，（10）：59，60．

篇10

1對(duì)象與方法

 

1.1調(diào)查對(duì)象

 

選擇2011年9月-2012年4月在4所二級(jí)甲等以上醫(yī)院實(shí)習(xí)的本科生52人作為調(diào)查對(duì)象。納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn)：(1)在醫(yī)學(xué)院校學(xué)習(xí)醫(yī)學(xué)知識(shí)3年或者4年，最后一年在臨床實(shí)習(xí)中需撰寫(xiě)畢業(yè)論文的本科生;(2)被調(diào)查時(shí)正在從事醫(yī)學(xué)院校臨床實(shí)習(xí);(3)愿意參與本項(xiàng)調(diào)查。其中男2人，女50人;年齡22-25(23.2±0.8)歲。專業(yè)：護(hù)理專業(yè)33人，占63.5%，其他專業(yè)19人，占36.5%。實(shí)習(xí)醫(yī)院等級(jí)：三級(jí)醫(yī)院42人，占80.1%，二級(jí)醫(yī)院10人，占19.2%。

 

1.2方法：采用問(wèn)卷調(diào)查法

 

1.2.1通過(guò)參考有關(guān)文獻(xiàn)及與本科生座談資料自行設(shè)計(jì)問(wèn)卷。問(wèn)卷包括四個(gè)部分：①本科生的一般資料，包括年齡、性別、專業(yè)及實(shí)習(xí)醫(yī)院。②學(xué)生所屬院校在畢業(yè)論文撰寫(xiě)方面所做工作、實(shí)際效果與學(xué)生對(duì)學(xué)校的期盼。③實(shí)習(xí)醫(yī)院對(duì)畢業(yè)生論文撰寫(xiě)的影響以及實(shí)習(xí)生對(duì)醫(yī)院的期盼。④學(xué)生對(duì)撰寫(xiě)論文的認(rèn)識(shí)以及實(shí)際撰寫(xiě)論文的能力。問(wèn)題以單項(xiàng)選擇題為主，多選題2題，有專門標(biāo)注。

 

1.2.2由調(diào)查者向被調(diào)查者說(shuō)明調(diào)查的目的，并逐條講解調(diào)查內(nèi)容，讓他們?cè)诔浞掷斫夂蟾鶕?jù)自身實(shí)際情況自行填寫(xiě)，填寫(xiě)完畢后調(diào)查者逐項(xiàng)檢查，確認(rèn)沒(méi)有遺漏后回收。共發(fā)放調(diào)查問(wèn)卷52份，回收52份，有效問(wèn)卷52份，有效回收率100%。

 

1.2.3統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法

 

調(diào)查所得資料用MicrosoftExcel軟件建立數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)，進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)描述。

 

2結(jié)果與討論

 

通過(guò)本次調(diào)查得知，影響醫(yī)學(xué)院校臨床實(shí)習(xí)本科生畢業(yè)論文撰寫(xiě)的因素歸納起來(lái)有三個(gè)方面：

 

2.1學(xué)校方面本次調(diào)查顯示：①82.7%的醫(yī)學(xué)院校雖然開(kāi)設(shè)了論文撰寫(xiě)方面的課程，但有63.5%的學(xué)生認(rèn)為院校開(kāi)設(shè)的此類課程少。②在實(shí)用性方面，有65.4%的學(xué)生認(rèn)為這些課程對(duì)實(shí)際論文撰寫(xiě)的幫助不大，只是知道了論文的撰寫(xiě)格式。③只有7.7%的學(xué)生掌握了數(shù)據(jù)資料收集、統(tǒng)計(jì)分析方面的知識(shí)。因此，學(xué)生希望學(xué)校做如下改進(jìn)工作：①學(xué)校在優(yōu)化課程設(shè)置的基礎(chǔ)上，建議提高教師授課技巧。如在學(xué)習(xí)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)課程時(shí)，老師應(yīng)側(cè)重實(shí)際應(yīng)用方面的講解，教會(huì)學(xué)生不同的數(shù)據(jù)資料該用哪種相對(duì)應(yīng)的統(tǒng)計(jì)方法?具體意義是什么?②在撰寫(xiě)論文實(shí)際需要的能力方面，學(xué)校應(yīng)該加強(qiáng)對(duì)學(xué)生論文選題的指導(dǎo)，以糾正在以往畢業(yè)論文中存在的選題過(guò)大、查新不準(zhǔn)、設(shè)計(jì)不夠科學(xué)等問(wèn)題[2]。③筆者建議學(xué)校安排學(xué)生參加論文撰寫(xiě)講座和模擬演練。

 

2.2實(shí)習(xí)醫(yī)院方面

 

2.2.1指導(dǎo)老師本次調(diào)查表2顯示：①86.6%認(rèn)為醫(yī)院非常有必要為實(shí)習(xí)生提供論文指導(dǎo)老師。②80.8%表示需在老師的指導(dǎo)下才能完成畢業(yè)論文的撰寫(xiě)，這說(shuō)明了醫(yī)院提供論文指導(dǎo)老師對(duì)實(shí)習(xí)生畢業(yè)論文撰寫(xiě)的重要性，這與某些文章的見(jiàn)解相一致[3]。

 

2.2.2實(shí)習(xí)科室的合理安排調(diào)查顯示：①73.1%的學(xué)生認(rèn)為進(jìn)入臨床實(shí)習(xí)初期即要求學(xué)生確定論文題目感到迷茫。②82.7%認(rèn)為醫(yī)院實(shí)習(xí)科室的安排對(duì)論文定題有影響。筆者認(rèn)為這可能是學(xué)校純理論性教育與臨床實(shí)踐有一定的差距所致，實(shí)習(xí)醫(yī)院可以在統(tǒng)一安排科室輪轉(zhuǎn)的基礎(chǔ)上增加一點(diǎn)學(xué)生的自主性。比如在接近論文選題那段時(shí)間，通過(guò)讓實(shí)習(xí)生自主選擇感興趣的科室進(jìn)行2-4周的?？茖?shí)習(xí)，配合臨床論文指導(dǎo)老師的指導(dǎo)，進(jìn)一步熟悉該?？?，了解本?？频膰?guó)內(nèi)外發(fā)展動(dòng)態(tài)，增加學(xué)生畢業(yè)論文撰寫(xiě)的興趣，以明確畢業(yè)論文撰寫(xiě)的方向。另外，還可以安排學(xué)生參加實(shí)習(xí)醫(yī)院舉辦的論文撰寫(xiě)相關(guān)講座、論文匯報(bào)會(huì)和科研課題開(kāi)題報(bào)告會(huì)等，甚至可以安排學(xué)生參加實(shí)習(xí)醫(yī)院部分科研工作。

 

2.3學(xué)生個(gè)人方面調(diào)查顯示：①只有26.9%對(duì)撰寫(xiě)論文感興趣。②53.8%覺(jué)得撰寫(xiě)論文非常難，30.8%不知道論文的選題，覺(jué)得無(wú)從下手。③有40.4%的本科生不知道如何進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)資料的收集與統(tǒng)計(jì)分析。筆者建議：學(xué)生在大學(xué)三年級(jí)起可以梳理并確定自己感興趣的?？?，著重了解和掌握該?？频膰?guó)內(nèi)外發(fā)展動(dòng)態(tài)，以便為最后一年臨床實(shí)習(xí)畢業(yè)論文定題做好充分的準(zhǔn)備。最后，學(xué)生進(jìn)入臨床實(shí)習(xí)早期就應(yīng)勤觀察、勤思考，理論聯(lián)系實(shí)際，以便早日選好、選對(duì)論文題目;并充分利用實(shí)習(xí)醫(yī)院現(xiàn)有的資源，例如臨床指導(dǎo)老師、醫(yī)院的圖書(shū)館等，要積極主動(dòng)與論文指導(dǎo)老師溝通、交流，得到老師的指導(dǎo)，使大家不再感到撰寫(xiě)論文是件非常困難的事情。

 

3小結(jié)

 

篇11

1對(duì)象與方法

1.1調(diào)查對(duì)象

選擇2011年9月-2012年4月在4所二級(jí)甲等以上醫(yī)院實(shí)習(xí)的本科生52人作為調(diào)查對(duì)象。納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn)：（1）在醫(yī)學(xué)院校學(xué)習(xí)醫(yī)學(xué)知識(shí)3年或者4年，最后一年在臨床實(shí)習(xí)中需撰寫(xiě)畢業(yè)論文的本科生；（2）被調(diào)查時(shí)正在從事醫(yī)學(xué)院校臨床實(shí)習(xí)；（3）愿意參與本項(xiàng)調(diào)查。其中男2人，女50人；年齡22-25（23.2±0.8）歲。專業(yè)：護(hù)理專業(yè)33人，占63.5%，其他專業(yè)19人，占36.5%。實(shí)習(xí)醫(yī)院等級(jí)：三級(jí)醫(yī)院42人，占80.1%，二級(jí)醫(yī)院10人，占19.2%。

1.2方法：采用問(wèn)卷調(diào)查法

1.2.1通過(guò)參考有關(guān)文獻(xiàn)及與本科生座談資料自行設(shè)計(jì)問(wèn)卷。問(wèn)卷包括四個(gè)部分：①本科生的一般資料，包括年齡、性別、專業(yè)及實(shí)習(xí)醫(yī)院。②學(xué)生所屬院校在畢業(yè)論文撰寫(xiě)方面所做工作、實(shí)際效果與學(xué)生對(duì)學(xué)校的期盼。③實(shí)習(xí)醫(yī)院對(duì)畢業(yè)生論文撰寫(xiě)的影響以及實(shí)習(xí)生對(duì)醫(yī)院的期盼。④學(xué)生對(duì)撰寫(xiě)論文的認(rèn)識(shí)以及實(shí)際撰寫(xiě)論文的能力。問(wèn)題以單項(xiàng)選擇題為主，多選題2題，有專門標(biāo)注。

1.2.2由調(diào)查者向被調(diào)查者說(shuō)明調(diào)查的目的，并逐條講解調(diào)查內(nèi)容，讓他們?cè)诔浞掷斫夂蟾鶕?jù)自身實(shí)際情況自行填寫(xiě)，填寫(xiě)完畢后調(diào)查者逐項(xiàng)檢查，確認(rèn)沒(méi)有遺漏后回收。共發(fā)放調(diào)查問(wèn)卷52份，回收52份，有效問(wèn)卷52份，有效回收率100%。

1.2.3統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法

調(diào)查所得資料用MicrosoftExcel軟件建立數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)，進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)描述。

2結(jié)果與討論

通過(guò)本次調(diào)查得知，影響醫(yī)學(xué)院校臨床實(shí)習(xí)本科生畢業(yè)論文撰寫(xiě)的因素歸納起來(lái)有三個(gè)方面：

2.1學(xué)校方面本次調(diào)查顯示：①82.7%的醫(yī)學(xué)院校雖然開(kāi)設(shè)了論文撰寫(xiě)方面的課程，但有63.5%的學(xué)生認(rèn)為院校開(kāi)設(shè)的此類課程少。②在實(shí)用性方面，有65.4%的學(xué)生認(rèn)為這些課程對(duì)實(shí)際論文撰寫(xiě)的幫助不大，只是知道了論文的撰寫(xiě)格式。③只有7.7%的學(xué)生掌握了數(shù)據(jù)資料收集、統(tǒng)計(jì)分析方面的知識(shí)。因此，學(xué)生希望學(xué)校做如下改進(jìn)工作：①學(xué)校在優(yōu)化課程設(shè)置的基礎(chǔ)上，建議提高教師授課技巧。如在學(xué)習(xí)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)課程時(shí)，老師應(yīng)側(cè)重實(shí)際應(yīng)用方面的講解，教會(huì)學(xué)生不同的數(shù)據(jù)資料該用哪種相對(duì)應(yīng)的統(tǒng)計(jì)方法？具體意義是什么？②在撰寫(xiě)論文實(shí)際需要的能力方面，學(xué)校應(yīng)該加強(qiáng)對(duì)學(xué)生論文選題的指導(dǎo)，以糾正在以往畢業(yè)論文中存在的選題過(guò)大、查新不準(zhǔn)、設(shè)計(jì)不夠科學(xué)等問(wèn)題[2]。③筆者建議學(xué)校安排學(xué)生參加論文撰寫(xiě)講座和模擬演練。

2.2實(shí)習(xí)醫(yī)院方面

2.2.1指導(dǎo)老師本次調(diào)查表2顯示：①86.6%認(rèn)為醫(yī)院非常有必要為實(shí)習(xí)生提供論文指導(dǎo)老師。②80.8%表示需在老師的指導(dǎo)下才能完成畢業(yè)論文的撰寫(xiě)，這說(shuō)明了醫(yī)院提供論文指導(dǎo)老師對(duì)實(shí)習(xí)生畢業(yè)論文撰寫(xiě)的重要性，這與某些文章的見(jiàn)解相一致[3]。

2.2.2實(shí)習(xí)科室的合理安排調(diào)查顯示：①73.1%的學(xué)生認(rèn)為進(jìn)入臨床實(shí)習(xí)初期即要求學(xué)生確定論文題目感到迷茫。②82.7%認(rèn)為醫(yī)院實(shí)習(xí)科室的安排對(duì)論文定題有影響。筆者認(rèn)為這可能是學(xué)校純理論性教育與臨床實(shí)踐有一定的差距所致，實(shí)習(xí)醫(yī)院可以在統(tǒng)一安排科室輪轉(zhuǎn)的基礎(chǔ)上增加一點(diǎn)學(xué)生的自主性。比如在接近論文選題那段時(shí)間，通過(guò)讓實(shí)習(xí)生自主選擇感興趣的科室進(jìn)行2-4周的專科實(shí)習(xí)，配合臨床論文指導(dǎo)老師的指導(dǎo)，進(jìn)一步熟悉該?？?，了解本?？频膰?guó)內(nèi)外發(fā)展動(dòng)態(tài)，增加學(xué)生畢業(yè)論文撰寫(xiě)的興趣，以明確畢業(yè)論文撰寫(xiě)的方向。另外，還可以安排學(xué)生參加實(shí)習(xí)醫(yī)院舉辦的論文撰寫(xiě)相關(guān)講座、論文匯報(bào)會(huì)和科研課題開(kāi)題報(bào)告會(huì)等，甚至可以安排學(xué)生參加實(shí)習(xí)醫(yī)院部分科研工作。

2.3學(xué)生個(gè)人方面調(diào)查顯示：①只有26.9%對(duì)撰寫(xiě)論文感興趣。②53.8%覺(jué)得撰寫(xiě)論文非常難，30.8%不知道論文的選題，覺(jué)得無(wú)從下手。③有40.4%的本科生不知道如何進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)資料的收集與統(tǒng)計(jì)分析。筆者建議：學(xué)生在大學(xué)三年級(jí)起可以梳理并確定自己感興趣的?？疲亓私夂驼莆赵搶？频膰?guó)內(nèi)外發(fā)展動(dòng)態(tài)，以便為最后一年臨床實(shí)習(xí)畢業(yè)論文定題做好充分的準(zhǔn)備。最后，學(xué)生進(jìn)入臨床實(shí)習(xí)早期就應(yīng)勤觀察、勤思考，理論聯(lián)系實(shí)際，以便早日選好、選對(duì)論文題目；并充分利用實(shí)習(xí)醫(yī)院現(xiàn)有的資源，例如臨床指導(dǎo)老師、醫(yī)院的圖書(shū)館等，要積極主動(dòng)與論文指導(dǎo)老師溝通、交流，得到老師的指導(dǎo)，使大家不再感到撰寫(xiě)論文是件非常困難的事情。

3小結(jié)

通過(guò)對(duì)52例醫(yī)學(xué)院校臨床實(shí)習(xí)本科生畢業(yè)論文撰寫(xiě)影響因素的調(diào)查，發(fā)現(xiàn)醫(yī)學(xué)院校臨床實(shí)習(xí)本科生在畢業(yè)論文撰寫(xiě)上，學(xué)校、實(shí)習(xí)醫(yī)院、學(xué)生個(gè)人還有很多工作需要改進(jìn)，實(shí)習(xí)醫(yī)院、學(xué)校應(yīng)該為臨床實(shí)習(xí)本科生畢業(yè)論文撰寫(xiě)提供更多的幫助，如實(shí)習(xí)醫(yī)院可以允許學(xué)生自選?？茖?shí)習(xí)2-4周來(lái)完成畢業(yè)論文的撰寫(xiě)；學(xué)生個(gè)人應(yīng)該以更加積極主動(dòng)的態(tài)度努力提高與撰寫(xiě)論文有關(guān)的各種能力，如思維能力、創(chuàng)新意識(shí)和科研能力等。

參考文獻(xiàn)